Ch 5 - Learning

Which of the following is a correct statement regarding learning?

• Learning involves physical maturation.

• B) Learning is a temporary change in behavior that occurs through experience.

• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior that occurs through experience.

• Learning only occurs through unobservable mental processes.

Which type of learning occurs when an organism learns the association between a behavior and a consequence, such as a reward?

• Observational learning

• Associative learning

• Classical conditioning

• Operant conditioning

Which of the following is an example of unconditioned response (UR)?

• A dog salivates at the sound of a bell

• A person feels a chill on a cold day

• A child cries when hearing a loud noise

• A man jumps at the sound of a firecracker

In Pavlov's classical conditioning experiment, a dog is exposed to a bell sound and then immediately given food. After several repetitions, the dog starts to salivate at the sound of the bell. Which of the following factors is crucial for the dog's learned response to occur?

• The bell and food are presented far apart in time

• The bell is presented frequently throughout the day, regardless of whether food follows

• The bell is a reliable indicator that food is on its way

• The food is presented before the bell sound

Sarah loves her pet dog and has trained him to perform a trick where he stands on his hind legs and barks when she snaps her fingers. However, she notices that her dog starts performing the trick even when she claps her hands.

What is happening when Sarah's dog performs the trick in response to her clapping hands?

• Extinction

• Spontaneous recovery

• Stimulus generalization

• Discrimination

Jack's dog, Max, has learned to associate the sound of a whistle with getting a treat. However, Jack has been busy and hasn't been able to give Max treats for a few days. As a result, Max has stopped responding to the whistle. What is this an example of in classical conditioning?

• Generalization

• Discrimination

• Extinction

• Spontaneous recovery

Which of the following statements about classical conditioning in humans is true?

• Stimulus generalization cannot occur in classical conditioning.

• Classical conditioning cannot explain the development of fears.

• Watson and Rayner’s study on Albert would meet the ethical guidelines of the American Psychological Association today.

• Classical conditioning is incorporated into treatments for phobias.

A psychologist wants to help a patient overcome their fear of spiders by using classical conditioning. Which procedure can the psychologist use?

• Aversive conditioning

• Counterconditioning

• Operant conditioning

• Extinction

Which of the following best explains the placebo effect?

• The placebo effect occurs when researchers use a real treatment to identify the effects of a substance or procedure.

• The placebo effect is an observable change that can be explained by the effects of an actual treatment.

• The placebo effect occurs when a substance or procedure that is not an actual treatment leads to observable changes.

• The placebo effect occurs when a real treatment is administered but has no observable effect on the individual.

Which of the following is an example of conditioned immune response in humans?

• Patients with multiple sclerosis taking a flavored drink before receiving a drug that suppresses the immune system

• Patients with multiple sclerosis receiving a drug that suppresses the immune system without any previous experience

• Patients with multiple sclerosis receiving a placebo pill without any previous experience

• Patients with multiple sclerosis receiving a placebo pill after having previous experience with a pill containing actual drugs affecting hormone secretion