Cell signal

A series of steps linking a mechanical or chemical stimulus to a specific cellular response

• Signal Transduction pathway

• Receptor

• Photosynthesis

Paracrine signal

• Long distance

• Local signal

• Synaptic

• None

Occurs in the animal nervous system. An electrical signal along a nerve cell triggers the secretion of a chemical signal carried by neurotransmitter molecules. These diffuse across a synapse. The neurotransmitter stimulates the target cell.

• Synaptic Signal

• Neurology

• Paracrine

• Receptor

both animals and plants use chemicals called ____ for long-distance signaling.

• Organelle

• Metabolism

• Hormone

• Books

target cell's detection of a signaling molecule coming from outside the cell. A chemical signal is "detected" when the signaling molecule binds to a receptor protein located at the cell's surface or inside the cell.

• Reception

• Transduction

• Initiation

• Elongation

molecule that specifically binds to another molecule. generally cause a receptor protein to undergo a change in shape.

• Carbs

• Protiens

• Ligand

• Lipids

Most signal receptors are

• Fats

• Carbs

• Peripheral proteins

• Plasma membrane Proteins

A plasma membrane receptor that work with the help of a G protein. they have 7 helices spanning the membrane. It functions as a molecular switch that is either on or off. when activated it causes GTP to displace GPD, activating the G protein

• Enzyme

• Tyrosine

• G protein-coupled receptor

• Ligase

a type of membrane receptor containing a region that can act as a "gate" when the receptor changes shape. Eg. Na+ , neurotransmitter released at synapses bind ligands to ion channels.

• Receptor helicase

• Ligand-gated ion channel

• Plasma membrane

the enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATO to a protein

• ATP

• Enzyme A

• Ligase

• Protein Kinase