Biology Final Review (22-23) - Ch. 3, 4, 5/6, 15, 16/17, 18, 34

On the Galápagos Islands, Charles Darwin observed

• completely unrelated species on each of the islands.
• species exactly like those found in South America.
• somewhat similar species, with traits that suited their particular environments.
• species completely unrelated to those found in South America.

Darwin began to formulate his concept of evolution by natural selection after

• experimentation with animals.
• observations of many species and their geographical location.
• reading the writings of Wallace.
• agreeing with Lamarck about the driving force behind evolution.

What did Charles Darwin learn from reading the work of James Hutton and Charles Lyell?

• Earth is relatively young.
• Earth is very old.
• All geological change is caused by living organisms.
• The processes that formed old rocks on Earth do not operate today.

Which is a major concept included in Lamarck’s theory of evolution?

• Change is the result of survival of the fittest.
• Body structure can change according to the actions of the organism.
• Population size decreases the rate of evolution.
• Artificial selection is the basis for evolution.

In an experiment, suppose that the wings of fruit flies were clipped short for fifty generations. The fifty-first generation emerged with normal-length wings. This observation would tend to disprove the idea that evolution is based on

• inheritance of natural variations.
• inheritance of acquired characteristics.
• natural selection.
• survival of the fittest.

The economist Thomas Malthus suggested that

• in the human population, people die faster than babies are born.
• there would soon be insufficient food for the growing human population.
• in the 1700s, England needed more housing.
• the majority of a species’ offspring die.

Darwin realized that the economist Malthus’s theory of population control

• applied only to humans.
• could be generalized to any population of organisms.
• could be generalized only when populations lived in crowded conditions.
• explained why the number of deaths exceeded that of births.

Darwin was prompted to publish his theory of evolution by

• an essay by Wallace on evolution.
• the publication of Lamarck’s theory of evolution.
• the vice governor of the Galápagos Islands.
• the work of Hutton and Lyell.

Charles Darwin’s observation that finches of different species on the Galápagos Islands have many similar physical characteristics supports the hypothesis that these finches

• have the ability to interbreed.
• acquired traits through use and disuse.
• all eat the same type of food.
• descended from a common ancestor.

Charles Darwin called the ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its specific environment

• diversity.
• fitness.
• adaptation.
• evolution.