Crusaders & Renaissance

For hundreds of years, Christians from western Europe had visited shrines where?

• In Jerusalem, Palestine
• In Tripoli, Libya
• In Constantinople, Byzantium
• In Cairo, Egypt

What happened in 1071? [Read each option CAREFULLY and pick the FULLY CORRECT OPTION!]

• A people called Seljuq Turks conquered Jerusalem and took control of Christian shrines. Traveling in Palestine became difficult for Christians because of the trouble there.
• A people called Crusaders conquered Jerusalem and took control of Muslim shrines. Traveling in Palestine became difficult for Muslims because of the trouble there.
• A people called Scythians conquered Constantinople and took control of Jewish shrines. Traveling in Byzantium became difficult for Jews because of the trouble there.
• A people called Conquistadors conquered Rome and took control of Hindu shrines. Traveling in Italy became difficult for Hindus because of the trouble there.

When news of what was happening in the Holy Land reached Christians in western Europe, they were shocked and angered. What was the result?

• A series of holy wars called crusades, which went on for about 200 years. Western European Christians wanted to conquer Palestine from Muslim rulers.
• A series of groups of Christian missionaries were sent to convert the Muslims to Christianity. Western European Christians wanted to conquer Palestine from Muslim rulers. Western European Christians wanted to conquer Palestine from Muslim rulers by converting all the Muslims to Christianity.
• Many of the western European Christians decided to convert to Islam. They believed that whoever controlled the Holy Land should decide what religion all people should follow.
• A series of negotiations too place over a period of about 400 years. Western European Christians tried to make treaties that would continue to allow Christians, Jews, and Muslims to all live in peace together in the Holy Land.

After taking Palestine, the Turkish armies continued to threaten the Byzantine Empire. What did the Byzantine Emperor do?

• He asked the Pope for military aid. Pope Urban II agreed to help the Byzantines.
• He asked a rival Muslim group called the Fatimids for military aid. Al-ʿĀḍid li-Dīn Allāh agreed to help the Byzantines.
• He asked the Turks to sign a treaty that would allow Muslims to live in the Byzantine Empire and keep their religion, in return for stopping the attacks.
• He asked the Turks to stop their attacks if he and his empire would convert to Islam.

In 1095, Pope Urban spoke before a large crowd in the town of Clermont in eastern France. What did he tell the people? [Read each option CAREFULLY and pick the FULLY CORRECT OPTION!]

• Europe’s lords should stop fighting among themselves. Instead, they should fight in a crusade against the Turks.
• Europe's lords should all give up their power and countries. Instead, they should make the Pope the king of all Europe.
• Europe's people should stop following Christianity. Instead, they should convert to Islam and be ruled by the Seljuq Turks.
• Europe's people and lords should leave the Turks alone. Instead, they should stay in Europe and stop trying to visit Palestine.

What reasons did Pope Urban give for his suggestions in the previous question? (I split this question in 2.) [SELECT ALL CORRECT OPTIONS!] [Read each option CAREFULLY!]

• Urban reminded the people that Europe was NOT producing enough food to feed its growing population.
• Palestine HAD rich, fertile land on which any knight could live in comfort.
• He promised that God would NOT forgive the sins of those who died in battle fighting against the Turks.
• Urban told the people that Europe WAS producing MORE than enough food to feed everyone there and people elsewhere too.
• The Pope promised that crusaders would have to pay EXTRA TAXES & be in MORE DEBT if they tried to fight the Turks.

What reasons did Pope Urban give for his suggestions in the previous question? (I split this question in 2.) [SELECT ALL CORRECT OPTIONS!] [Read each option CAREFULLY!]

• The Pope promised that those who went on a crusade would be FREE of debts and taxes.
• He promised that God WOULD forgive the sins of those who died in battle.
• He said that the Europeans were not strong enough to defeat the Turks, so they should not leave.
• Palestine did NOT have fertile land, so if they were to conquer it, they would Not be able to feed themselves there.
• He promised that God would NOT forgive the sins of those who died in battle fighting against the Turks.

Pope Urban II wanted the nobles to plan and lead the crusade. While they were drawing up their plans, however, the peasants grew impatient and formed their own armies. In the spring of 1096, thousands of French and German peasants began their journey to Palestine. As the peasant armies marched through Europe, what did they do? [SELECT ALL CORRECT OPTIONS!]

• They attacked farmers, looted cottages, and burned wheat fields.
• They massacred, or killed, all the Jews they could find.
• They made sure to help all the people they passed on their way to Palestine.
• They made sure to protect any Jews they knew lived in Europe.
• They decided to build a large church.

By the time the peasant armies reached Constantinople, they had lost about one third of their number. The Byzantine emperor gave them supplies and ships and sent them to fight the Turks in Asia Minor. What happened to the peasants?

• They were almost completely wiped out by Turkish bowmen.
• They were almost completely victorious over the Turkish army.
• They were captured by other crusader armies and sold into slavery.
• They were able to capture Jerusalem from Turkish armies.

In 1097, the nobles set out on their crusade. Many of the crusaders died on the way to Palestine and while fighting the Turks. In 1099, the 12,000 surviving crusaders reached Jerusalem. What did they do?

• They captured the Holy City (Jerusalem), killing Turks, Jews, and Christians alike. Then, they looted it, taking gold, silver, horses, mules, and all kinds of goods.
• They refused to massacre the city’s Muslims or Jews and they won the respect of many of the Turks.
• They forced all of the Turks and Jews to leave Jerusalem, but they allowed them to take their belongings with them.
• They declared that the Turks and Jews could stay in Jerusalem and keep their goods if they converted to Christianity. However, if they did not convert to Christianity, they must leave Jerusalem and give their goods to the Crusaders.