11. A third-grade student can read grade-level literary texts at an appropriate rate with strong accuracy and good prosody. When reading grade-level, self-selected informational texts, however, the student reads in a slow, halting manner. Which of the following statements best explains the most likely reason for this discrepancy in the student's reading styles?

a. The informational texts contain vocabulary and/or syntactic structures that are unfamiliar to the student.

b. The student has limited decoding and word recognition skills, which hinders automaticity when reading the informational texts.

c. The informational texts provide the student with fewer textual supports (e.g., diagrams, photographs) than do literary texts.

d. The student is less interested in the subject matter of the informational texts than in the subject matter of literarytexts.

12. A first-grade student struggles to read and comprehend grade-level texts. The results of informal assessments indicate that the student can identify basic letter-sound correspondences and sight words and is able to read CVC words that have already been taught explicitly. However, the student has difficulty reading new CVC words and other single-syllable words presented in word lists and relies heavily on context clues as a decoding strategy when reading connected text. Which of the following instructional strategies would likely be most effective in addressing this student's reading needs and promoting reading development?

c. providing the student with explicit instruction and guided practice in sounding out and blending the letters of simple regular words

a. expanding the student's automatic reading of irregular words through the use of flashcards and explicit drill and practice exercises

b. building the student's oral vocabulary knowledge using read-alouds and discussions of high-quality literary and informational texts

d. modeling for the student how to use semantic and syntactic clues to determine the pronunciation and meaning ofmulti-meaning words in a text

13. In order to accurately read and spell words such as sight, treat, and mock, students would benefit most from instruction focused on which of the following phonics principles?

d. letter-sound correspondences

15. A second-grade teacher is planning to read aloud a chapter book to students over the course of several days. Which of the following strategies is likely to be most effective in reinforcing and expanding students' understanding of vocabulary words found in each chapter?

b. pausing periodically during each reading to elaborate on and question students about key words in the chapter

a. writing target words from each chapter and their meanings on the board before beginning the reading

c. asking students to make note of unfamiliar words they hear and would like to discuss after each chapter is read

d. having students answer oral and written questions about the meanings of key words from the chapter after each reading

16. A third-grade teacher would like students to learn how to use classroom print reference materials such as age-appropriate dictionaries and thesauruses to support independent word learning. Which of the following skills would be most important for theteacher to introduce first?

b. ordering words alphabetically

c. selecting appropriate definitions

d. interpreting pronunciation keys

17. Number 17 Which of the following methods would be most effective for the students to use to understand the meaning of the idiomatic phrase"the depths of despair" in the passage?

a. applying morphologic analysis

18. A teacher is helping a fourth-grade emerging-level English learner understand essential vocabulary in a reading selection from Charlotte's Web (e.g., pitcher, scratch). Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective for the teacher to use to help the student understand the meaning of such unfamiliar English words?

b. demonstrating the meaning of each targeted word by showing the student pictures or using gestures

a. providing the student with the dictionary meaning of each targeted word and an example of its use

c. having the student write down unknown targeted words and look up their meanings later

d. guiding the student in using context clues to understand the meaning of targeted words

19. Which of the following reading processes provides an example of inferential comprehension?

a. using background knowledge to recognize the implications of information presented in a text

b. employing a familiarity with textual features to help identify the steps in a writer's argument

c. drawing on knowledge of root words and affixes to deduce the general meaning of any unfamiliar words

d. applying an understanding of logical argument to evaluate the validity of a writer's conclusions

20. During an assessment, a fourth-grade teacher observes that a student makes errors on four words when reading a 150-word text aloud. The teacher wants to confirm that this text is at the student's independent reading level. Which of the following strategies would best accomplish this goal?

d. asking the student a series of questions about the text and determining how much of the text the student has comprehended

a. having the student read the text again and noting if the number of errors the student makes decreases during the second reading

b. prompting the student to explain what metacognitive strategies he or she used to monitor understanding of the text

c. giving the student a similar text to read and comparing the number of errors the student makes on each text

22. As part of a reading comprehension activity, a teacher asks third-grade students to orally retell a story they have just read to apartner. Which of the following strategies for scaffolding this assignment would be most appropriate for the teacher to use to support the needs of students who are struggling readers?

a. providing sentence starters and frames for the students to complete

b. having the students listen while the teacher rereads the story

c. summarizing the story and having the students repeat the words

d. allowing the students to draw pictures that depict plot events

23. A fourth-grade teacher gives frequent book talks and allows students class time for independent reading but notices that some students do not seem engaged in reading. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the teacher to use to promote students' motivation to read independently?

a. providing the students with a variety of high-interest reading materials in the classroom library

b. sending books home for the students to read and having parents/guardians help students complete reading logs

c. asking the students to provide short written summaries after reading a particularly exciting book

d. rewarding the students for the books they read with reading-related prizes such as books and bookmarks

24. Which of the following sentences contains a metaphor?

a. The river was a spill of silk cascading down the hillside.

b. A solitary crow called out go! go! from its lofty perch.

c. The stars were like tiny sparks a glow in the darkness.

d. I think the mountain understands why I have come.

25. A second-grade teacher regularly has students write and illustrate brief paragraphs about concepts they are learning in scienceand social studies. The teacher uses the following questions to help guide the students in developing their paragraphs. (x) What idea are you trying to explain in your paragraph? (x)What title can you give your paragraph to tell the reader what the paragraph is about? (x) What kind of picture would show the reader something important that you describe in your paragraph? (x) What labels will your picture need to help the reader understand it? This writing activity is likely to promote students' understanding of informational texts primarily in which of the following ways?

a. developing their awareness of ways in which features of a text can help support comprehension

b. improving their ability to vary their reading strategies when reading texts for different purposes

c. helping them learn to recognize text structures used to describe cause-and-effect relationships

d. providing them with models of strategies for monitoring their comprehension of a text

27. Read the excerpt below from a novel; then answer the question that follows Number 27 In the excerpt, the author uses the description of Yellow Kettle to imply that Omakayas and her siblings:

b. dislike doing household chores.

a. aspire to be like their mother.

c. resent their father's absences.

d. live an idyllic life on the island.

28. A fifth-grade class has just returned from a field mtrip to a local museum. The teacher can best help students become attentive tothe differences between spoken and written English conventions through which of the following student activities related to their field trip?

d. working in pairs to record and transcribe interviews with one another about the trip, then using the recordings towrite short collaborative essays

a. meeting with the teacher to brainstorm writing ideas for a story related to the trip, then reading aloud the finished story to the class

b. selecting a topic of interest from the trip, then writing a research paper using observation notes and reference books to share with classmates

c. discussing the trip as a whole class and writing down interesting thoughts and comments mentioned by other classmates

29. Following explicit instruction on the conjunctions that, because, although, when, and until, a fourth-grade teacher has small groups of students play a sentence-combining game. In the game, students randomly choose two teacher-selected simple sentences from texts and combine them into one meaningful sentence using a learned conjunction. This activity promotes students' reading development primarily by:

c. enhancing their ability to interpret complex sentences during independent reading.

a. increasing their motivation to read a variety of texts that contain different sentence types.

b. providing them with practice constructing meaning from contextual clues.

d. helping them learn to vary their reading strategies when encountering unknown language structures.

30. In an introductory paragraph to a written research project, a sixth-grade student includes the following sentences. Number 30 The pattern of errors in this writing sample suggests the student would benefit most from explicit instruction focused on which ofthe following language structures or conventions used in standard written English?

b. abbreviations and capitalization

d. dependent and independent clauses

31. A sixth-grade teacher notices that several students are having difficulty understanding the meaning and appropriate usage of general academic words that have been taught (e.g., status, elaborate, strategic). The teacher can best help these students develop an understanding of such general academic words by:

c. providing students with repeated exposure to target words in various ways in written and oral classroom activities.

a. having students keep a vocabulary notebook in which they keep track of target words and definitions for reference.

b. requiring students to use the target words in conversation on a daily basis throughout the school day.

d. giving students differentiated word sort activities to perform using the target words.

33. Read the draft paragraph below from an informative essay; then answer the question that follows. Number 33. Which of the following sentences, if inserted in the blank, would most effectively develop the topic with relevant facts?

c. Completing the "thru hike" takes from five to seven months and costs about $3,000.

a. Most thru-hikers arrange to have food and supplies sent to mail drops along the way.

b. Shelters are available for hikers, but reservations are necessary along the most popular portions of the trail.

d. Every four miles or so, the trail passes near a town where hikers may or may not be able to purchase supplies.

34. Read the draft paragraph below; then answer the question that follows. Number 34. Which of the following sentences, if inserted in the blank, would most effectively develop the topic?

d. Plants filter the air around them by absorbing carbon and releasing oxygen.

a. Vertical farming is another way to add greenery to city buildings.

b. Covering walls with living plants creates a unique visual aesthetic.

c. Forest cities will look different in each region, depending on the climate.

35. A student is developing an explanatory essay about how professional collectors determine the monetary value of comic books.Which of the following strategies would best help the student develop a strong conclusion to the essay?

a. reviewing key points and pointing out how they may relate to readers' own experience

b. citing references to motivate readers to investigate the topic more thoroughly

c. directing readers to compare information in the essay to information found elsewhere

d. introducing a new example that illustrates a point made earlier in the essay

36. When evaluating a media message for bias, which of the following questions should a student ask first?

b. Whose interests are protected and promoted by the message?

a. What other types of media are conveying the same message?

c. How does the message compare and contrast with my beliefs?

d. How relevant to my own life is the information in the message?

37. A fifth-grade teacher is planning a media literacy lesson in which students will analyze persuasive techniques used in magazine advertisements as compared to television commercials for the same products. Which of the following questions would be most important for the teacher to consider when determining how to address the needs of English learners in the class during thelesson? A.

d. What cultural assumptions are made in the advertisements and commercials?

a. Are students familiar with the language structures used in the advertisements and commercials?

b. What types of media are most common in the students' home cultures?

c. Are the students familiar with the products featured in the advertisements and commercials?

38. A student wants to incorporate a brief excerpt from a reference book into a research report. To best comply with principles of fair use and attribution, the student should:

b. embed a link to a digital edition of the book in the report.

a. use a different font to set off the excerpt in the report.

c. request permission from the book's authors to include the excerpt in the report

d. enclose the excerpt in quotation marks and include a source citation in the report.

39. Which of the following actions by a middle school student exemplifies a safe practice in online communications?

b. using an avatar as a personal identifier on gaming sites

a. setting up a social media account under a pseudonym

c. engaging in a live chat with other visitors to a Web site

d. sharing personal contact information on a public forum

40. A teacher notices that one member of a small group is not completing assigned tasks for a collaborative project. Which of thefollowing approaches would be most effective for the teacher to take first to address the situation?

d. convening the group and asking each member to describe their assigned tasks

a. posting a chart detailing group members' assigned tasks and corresponding due dates

b. asking another group member to help the student complete the assigned tasks

c. suggesting that the student work on the project independently rather than collaboratively

42. In preparation for writing a paper, a high school class has been instructed to skim a number of internet and print documents. They are being asked to:

c. Read the documents quickly, looking for key words in order to gather the basic premise of each

a. Read the documents several times, skimming toa deeper level of understanding each time

b. Read the documents quickly, identifying those that offer the most specific information

d. Read the documents carefully, looking for those that offer the most in-depth information.

43. Which of the following is the best definition of Information Literacy?

c. It is the skill set required for the finding, retrieval, analysis, and use of information.

a. It is the set of skills required for reading and coprehending different information.

b. It is the cognitive skill set necessary to amass a comprehensive base of knowledge.

d. It is the set of skills necessary for effectively communicating information to others.

44. Which of the following choices descries the best introduction to a unit on oral traditions from around the world?

c. Inviting a guest speaker from a nearby Native American group to demonstrate oral story-telling to the class

a. Introducing games that practice new sight words, encoding words based on phonics rules, and answering short comprehension questions

b. Setting up video-conferencing with a schol in Asia so that students can communicate with children from other countries

d. Creating a Powerpoint presentation about various types of oral cultures and traditions and characteristics of each

45. A syllable must contain

c. Both a vowel and a consonant

47. According to MLA guidelines for writing research papers, which of the following is correct regarding citations of Web sources if you cannot immediately see the name of a source's author?

c. Author names are often on websites but ned additional looking to discover

a. Assume the author is not named, as this is a common occurrence on the Web.

b. Do not name an agency or corporation as the author if it the sponsor of the source

d. It is not permissible to cite the book or article title in lieu of an author's name

49. The purpose of corrective feedback is:

b. To correct an error in reading a student has made, specifically clarifying where and how the error was made so that the student can avoid similar errors in the future

a. To provide students with methods for explaining to the teacher or classmates what a passage was about

c. To provide a mental framework that will help the student correctly organize new information

d. To remind students that error is essential in order to truly understand and that it is not something to be ashamed of

51. Which statement is correct regarding the relationship of your audience profile to the decisions you make in completing a writing assignment?

c. The writing style, tone, and wording ou use depend on your audience

a. how much time you spend on research is unrelated to your audience

b. Your audience does not influence how much information you include

d. How you organze information depends on structure, not on audience.

MTLE Elementary Education Subtest 1

Authored by Louis Lane

Education

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MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

1. Which of the following teacher practices in a kindergarten class is likely to be most effective in reinforcing students' developmentof phonemic awareness?

a. leading students in daily recitation of simple chants related to basic classroom procedures

b. having students line up or join a group when they hear the teacher say the first sound in their name

c. labeling key objects around the classroom with the first letter of the objects's name

d.reading aloud each day's schedule and asking students questions about the planned activities

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

2. Which of the following methods would be most appropriate to use as part of an assessment of a kindergarten student'sphonological awareness skills?

a. pronouncing a target phoneme and prompting the student to point to the printed letter most commonly associatedwith it

b. having the student listen to a sentence presented orally and try to repeat the sentence exactly

c. saying a familiar multisyllable word and asking the student to repeat the word while clapping for each syllable in the word

d.asking the student to listen to a spoken word and identify the final letter in the word

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

3. Which of the following sets of words would be most appropriate to use for assessing third-grade students' ability to use structural analysis skills to decode words?

a. closed, living, held

b. contestant, logically, correlation

c. bunnies, cities, animals

d. unhappy, daytime, noiseless

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

4. A fifth-grade teacher periodically has students analyze short science and social studies passages that are written at or slightly above grade level. First, the teacher underlines key words, phrases, and sentences on copies of the text. The teacher then has pairs of students read the passage and ask each other clarifying questions about the underlined elements. Finally, the students paraphrase each of the underlined elements in their own words and use these to construct a written summary of the passage. These activities best demonstrate the teacher's awareness of which of the following factors affecting reading development?

a. the benefits of guided practice in reinforcing students' word-learning strategies

b. the role of academic language in supporting students' comprehension of complex texts

c. the influence of prior language experiences on students' reading comprehension

d. the importance of selecting texts for students according to multiple dimensions of text complexity

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

5. A sixth-grade English language learner has grade-level literacy skills in Spanish and grade-level fluency skills in English, but the student struggles to comprehend academic texts in English. In an intervention designed to address the student's reading-comprehension difficulties in English, which of the following strategies would be most important for the teacher to focus on first?

a. developing the student's familiarity with common text structures used in English academic texts

b. promoting the student's ability to use a cognate strategy to understand academic vocabulary in English

c. providing the student with systematic, explicit instruction in phonics and other decoding strategies in English.

d. helping the student relate new content encountered in academic texts to the content of texts previously read in English

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

6. Number 6 Which of the following statements provides the most likely explanation for the student's errors?

a. The student mispronounces the vowel sounds of some words.

b. The student has not yet fully grasped the alphabetic principle.

c. The student has not yet developed phonemic-awareness skills.

d. The student is confusing visually and auditorily similar letters.

MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTION

45 sec • 1 pt

7. A kindergarten teacher models the following procedure for a student who is experiencing difficulty with letter recognition. Theteacher looks at the target letter p with the student, says the letter's name, and then traces the letter while verbalizing the strokes involved in its formation. Then the teacher provides the student with guided practice following the same procedure with othertarget letters (e.g., b, d, q). This multisensory activity would be most effective to use in an intervention designed to promote thestudent's ability to:

a. use letter names as a strategy for developing phonetic spelling.

b. map speech to print in regular single-syllable words.

c. form letters correctly as a result of hearing them pronounced orally.

d. distinguish between the features of visually similar letters.

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MTLE Elementary Education Subtest 1

1. Which of the following teacher practices in a kindergarten class is likely to be most effective in reinforcing students' developmentof phonemic awareness?

2. Which of the following methods would be most appropriate to use as part of an assessment of a kindergarten student'sphonological awareness skills?

3. Which of the following sets of words would be most appropriate to use for assessing third-grade students' ability to use structural analysis skills to decode words?

6. Number 6 Which of the following statements provides the most likely explanation for the student's errors?

8. A teacher places printed labels on various objects in the classroom and frequently points to and refers to the objects by name inconversation with the students. Which of the following early literacy skills is the teacher most directly promoting?

10. In a research-based, systematic program of phonics instruction, which of the following complex letter combinations should betaught last?

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