Sensory

Which of the following statements is CORRECT? Primary sensory neurons are

• neurons that facilitate communication between the enteric nervous system and the

  peripheral nervous system

  
  

• neurons belonging to the somatic division of the peripheral nervous system only

• 
  afferent neurons which can detect sensory stimuli and relay the information to the brain

• neurons that integrate information over many other neurons and provide feedback to the

  brain

  
  

• neurons that take signals from the brain to the periphery

Lateral inhibition

• improves the strength of the signal

• limits the tonic adaptation to strong stimuli

• improves the temporal resolution of the signal

• limits the interference of overlapping receptive fields

• avoids crosstalk between different senses

Hair cells are specialised receptor cells. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to hair cells?

• Hair cells are polarised and respond to one direction of movement

• Hair cells transduce mechanical energy to electrical signal

• The stereocilia are linked together by tip links

• Hair cells are tuned to a specific frequency of stimulation

•  Hair cells possess specialised stereocilia and kinocilia

Which of the following statements about vision is INCORRECT?

• Muscles in the eye can flatten the lens to change its focal length

• Horizontal cells connect and integrate the input from multiple photoreceptors

• Cones are more sensitive to light than rods

• The cornea is transparent

• The ratio of responses between cones of different types is used to perceive colour

Sound transduction is achieved

•  via mechanically-gated cation channels, which open and close depending on the direction

  of bending

  
  

•  via mechanically-gated cation channels which open continuously while a sound is

  detected

  
  

•  in the organ of Corti, by direct stimulation of the cochlear nerve

• via chemically-gated cation channels, which are opened by sound particles

• via chemically-gated cation channels, which open when the stereocilia are bent

Which of the following structures is NOT part of the vestibular anatomy?

•  utricle

• saccule

•  semicircular canal

• ampullae

• monolith

When a physician tests the knee-jerk, which types of neurons and pathways are involved?

• mechanoreceptor neurons, interneurons and efferent neurons in a reflex arc

•  mechanoreceptor neurons and interneurons of the general somatic pathway

• mechanoreceptor and nociceptor neurons, interneurons and efferent neurons in a reflex

  arc

  
  

•  nociceptor neurons and interneurons of the general somatic pathway

• nociceptor neurons, interneurons and efferent neurons in a reflex arc cochlea

Which of the following receptors does NOT belong to the solute senses class?olfactory receptor

• olfactory receptor

• photoreceptor

• chemoreceptor

• taste receptor

• pain receptor

Lateral inhibition between adjacent receptors will

• ensure a precise timing of the stimulus

• improve the adaptation of the receptors

• improve the acuity of receptors

• avoid saturating the receptors

• ensure the univariance of the response

Once a stimulus passes the threshold of activation of a receptor, its potential represents the

• frequency of the stimulus

• location of the stimulus

• duration of the stimulus

• intensity of the stimulus

• modality of the stimulus