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are a set of twelve paired nerves that originate directly from the brain and primarily serve the head and neck regions. They are responsible for a variety of functions, including sensory (e.g., smell, vision, taste), motor (e.g., movement of facial muscles), and autonomic functions (e.g., heart rate).

Carry sensory information to the brain.

: Control muscle movements.

Contain both sensory and motor fibers

- is the part of the nervous system that lies outside the central nervous system (CNS). It consists of nerves and ganglia that connect the CNS to the limbs and organs, facilitating communication between the brain and the rest of the body.

Refers to sensory nerve fibers that carry sensory information from the body to the central nervous system. They transmit signals regarding external stimuli, such as touch, pain, and temperature

Refers to motor nerve fibers that carry signals away from the central nervous system to muscles and glands, facilitating motor responses and action

Another division of the PNS responsible for voluntary control of skeletal muscles and the transmission of sensory information from the external environment

A division of the PNS that regulates involuntary bodily functions, including heart rate, digestion, and respiratory rate. It is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses during stressful situations. It increases heart rate, dilates airways, and inhibits non-essential functions to provide more energy for immediate action.