Social learning theory is based on the recognition of the importance of observational learning and ______________ learning.

Answer explanation

Social learning theory accepts most of the principles of behavioral theories but focuses to a much greater degree on the effects of cues on behavior and on internal mental processes, emphasizing the effects of thought on action and the effects of action on thought

Albert Bandura noted that observational learning through ________ —directly or vicariously—involves four phases: paying attention, retaining the modeled behavior, reproducing the behavior, and being motivated to repeat the behavior.

Answer explanation

Modeling is the imitation of others’ behavior and vicarious experience is the learning from others’ successes or failures. He felt that much of human learning is not shaped by its consequences but is more efficiently learned directly from a model.

Bandura introduced the concept of self-regulation and proposed that students should be taught to have expectations _________________________ and to reinforce themselves.

• for their own performances

• to focus attention on instruction

• to teach themselves

• be patient for maturity to set-in

Answer explanation

Teachers should demonstrate strategies to put students in control of their own learning goals. Once done, the students are likely to build a general strategy of setting and meeting personal goals and personal standards. Students need many opportunities to use goal-setting and self-evaluation strategies in a variety of contexts; to monitor and celebrate their progress; and to understand how, when, and why they should self-regulate.

Donald Meichenbaum proposed steps for self-regulated learning that represent a form of cognitive behavior modification. These steps involve ______________.

• watching other people's behavior

• a self-talking strategy

• behavior modification

Answer explanation

Meichenbaum (1977) developed a strategy in which students are trained to say to themselves, “What is my problem? What is my plan? Am I using my plan? How did I do?” This self-talk strategy has been used to reduce disruptive behavior of students at many grade levels. Encouraging self-regulated learning is a means of teaching students to think about their own thinking. Self-regulated learning strategies not only have been found to improve performance on the task students were taught but also have generalized to other tasks.

A student with highly developed SRL skills is aware of different strategies for learning and can select the best strategies for their context, subject, or type of learning activity.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Furthermore, they have a growth mindset. They have an accurate impression of their current skill level and capacities and take steps to bring about balance to their abilities focusing on growth and development.

The iterative process of SRL includes three phases. Which of the following are included?

• Goal setting and strategic planning

• Monitoring performance and progress toward goals

• All of these

• Reflecting and making decisions on how to change their behavior

Answer explanation

Teaching students how to break down a complex task into smaller pieces encourages them to feel that they are making progress toward their larger goal. Checking off each step allows them to give themselves a mental pat on the back that reinforces their efforts.

Panadero states that based on the available meta-analytic evidence, there are differential effects of Self-Regulated Learning (SRL) models in light of differences in students’ developmental stages or educational levels.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Teachers need to start applying these differential effects of the SRL models and theories to enhance students’ learning and SRL skills.

The majority of students do not learn SRL skills on their own.

They also do not learn them in school, unless it is in the form of

________ ______ ___________

Answer explanation

In the classroom, explicit direct instruction of SRL means the students are aware that they are learning study strategies and how to learn. This means that many students are not at their full learning potential, simply because they do not know how to study and learn. Explicit direct instruction of SRL explains the usefulness and importance of self-regulated learning skills to students and supports students to identify when and where they can use self-regulated learning skills.

Explicit direct instruction in SRL includes practicing recovery and self-assessment strategies that require ______ _______ __________ which increases learner success.

• behavioral conditioning strategies

• positive role models

• higher learner engagement

Answer explanation

Encouraging self-regulated learning is a means of teaching students to think about their own thinking. Self-regulated learning strategies not only have been found to improve performance on the task students were taught but also have generalized to other tasks. They learn which strategies are best for different contexts and the reasoning for those benefits.

Students who have learned SRL are the students who have learned to cram the night before an exam and choose environments for studying that are conducive to maximizing learning.

• True

• False

Answer explanation

Students that learn SRL manage their time well and plan appropriately to complete their assignments and study. They are the students who have learned not to cram the night before an exam and choose environments for studying that are conducive to maximizing learning. These students do all of this while maintaining motivation and engagement.