Chapter 2: Grammar

1- What's the difference between prescriptive and descriptive grammar?

• a) Prescriptive grammar provides rules for how language should be used, while descriptive grammar observes and analyzes how language is actually used.

• b) Prescriptive grammar focuses on studying the origins of words and phrases, while descriptive grammar examines the emotional impact of language.

• c) Prescriptive grammar only applies to written language, while descriptive grammar is concerned solely with spoken language.

2- What's the focus of prescriptive and descriptive grammar?

• a) Prescriptive grammar emphasizes rules for proper language usage, while descriptive grammar focuses on analyzing how language is used in practice.

• b) Prescriptive grammar studies the historical development of languages, while descriptive grammar examines the cultural context of communication.

• c) Prescriptive grammar primarily explores regional language variations, while descriptive grammar delves into the psychological aspects of language learning.

3- What is the main highlight of formal grammar?

• a) preserving the natural flow of spoken language.

• b) defining the correct structure and arrangement of sentences in a language.

• c) analyzing the historical development of words in a language.

4- What does discourse grammar focus on?

• a) analyzing individual sentence structures.

• c) studying phonetic sounds in spoken language.

• c) understanding how grammatical structures function in larger units of language beyond individual sentences.

5- Leech contends that the same grammatical repertoires manage in both:

• a-      Writing and reading

• b-      Speech and writing

• c-      Reading and speaking

• d-      Speaking and learning

6- Preceding sections have analyzed issues in describing grammar, which were mainly concerned with:

• a-      What to describe, how to describe it and how to count for differing approaches and their implications.

• b-      How to write and speak correctly.

• c-      Which are the differences between oral and written productions.

• d-      What’s the importance of spoken and written grammar.

7- Why does grammar not exist on its own?

• a) It is very difficult to isolate grammar and lexis into completely separate categories.

• b) Because the choice of lexical item may restrict grammatical structures in other ways.

8-Lexicogrammar is?

• a) metafunctional spectrum, extended in delicacy from grammar to lexis.

•  b) functional linguistics to emphasize the interdependence of vocabulary (lexis) and syntax (grammar).

9- In the mid-20th century, the prevailing belief about grammar learning was that it occurred through:

• a) generative grammar

• b) repeated exposure to target language forms

• c) rote memorization

• d) peer interaction

10- Larsen-Freeman and Cameron (2008) emphasize the importance of what in grammar learning?

• a) Rote memorization

• b) Decontextualized drills

• c) Frequent exposure to language forms in use

• d) Exclusive focus on communicative tasks