Review for the Unit #4 Quiz

"From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste in the Adriatic, an iron curtain has descended across the Continent. Behind that line lie all the capitals of the ancient states of central and eastern Europe. Warsaw, Berlin, Prague, Vienna, Budapest, Belgrade, Bucharest and Sofia, all these famous cities and the populations around them lie in what I might call the Soviet sphere, and all are subject, in one form or another, not only to Soviet influence, but to very high, and in some cases increasing measure of control from Moscow." - Winston Churchill, British Prime Minister

A historian could best use this quote to study the beginning of which of the following?

• the Soviet Union

• World War

• Cold War

• European imperialism

In 1968, the areas labeled Estonian SSR, Belorussian SSR, and Moldavian SSR referred to __.

• satellites that were part of the Soviet Union 

• members of the Central Powers

• independent nations of Eastern Europe

• members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC)

   

. . .NATO was the first peacetime military alliance the United States entered into outside of the Western Hemisphere. After the destruction of the Second World War, the nations of Europe struggled to rebuild their economies and ensure their security. The former required a massive influx of aid to help the war-torn landscapes re-establish industries and produce food, and the latter required assurances against a resurgent Germany or incursions from the Soviet Union. The United States viewed an economically strong, rearmed, and integrated Europe as vital to the prevention of communist expansion across the continent. As a result, Secretary of State George Marshall proposed a program of large-scale economic aid to Europe. The resulting European Recovery Program, or Marshall Plan, not only facilitated [helped] European economic integration but promoted the idea of shared interests and cooperation between the United States and Europe. Soviet refusal either to participate in the Marshall Plan or to allow its satellite states in Eastern Europe to accept the economic assistance helped to reinforce the growing division between east and west in Europe. . . .

Based on this passage, what was the main purpose for the establishment of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)?

• to prevent the spread of democracy to European nations

• to encourage countries like the United States to remain isolated

• to provide stability to the war-torn countries of Europe

• to punish Germany and the Soviet Union for their acts of aggression

The Costs of Soviet Involvement in Afghanistan

"Soviet leaders continue to express frustration over the protracted [drawn out] war in Afghanistan. This was evident at the party congress in February 1986 when General Secretary Gorbachev referred to the war as a “bleeding wound.” Soviet involvement in Afghanistan has led to periodic censure within the United Nations, become a stumbling block to improved Sino-Soviet relations, and complicated Soviet policy toward nations in the nonaligned movement. At home, pockets of social unrest related to Afghanistan, the diversion of energies from pressing economic problems, and dissatisfaction in the political hierarchy over the failure to end the war also probably worry the leadership. 

 

The war has not been a substantial drain on the Soviet economy so far, although the costs of the war have been rising faster than total defense spending. We estimate that from their initial invasion in December 1979 through 1986 the Soviets have spent about 15 billion rubles on the conduct of the war. Of this total, about 3 billion rubles would have been spent over the seven-year period even if the USSR had not occupied Afghanistan. . . ."

The situation described in this passage was part of which historical development? 

• decolonization in Africa

• growing nationalism in Southeast Asia

• regional conflicts in the Cold War

• rise of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) in the Middle East

Which of the follow was an effect of the event depicted in this cartoon?

• Fascist leaders gained power in southern Europe.

• The Berlin Airlift supplied goods to people living in West Berlin.

• Western European countries turned away from capitalist economies.

• Increased political freedom and economic choices in Eastern Europe.

"The Communist party of the Soviet Union has been and remains a natural and inalienable part of social forces. Their cooperation will make it possible to attain the ultimate goal of Perestroika: to renew our society within the framework of the socialist choice, along the lines of advance to a humane democratic socialism."

Which leader would most likely have made this statement?

• Mikhail Gorbachev

• Mohandas Gandhi

• Benito Mussolini

• Kwame Nkrumah

Mao’s cult of personality also went beyond the badges and the Little Red Book. There were propaganda posters inside homes, classrooms, meeting halls, office buildings, and factories. The line beneath Mao’s image says: Wishing Chairman Mao a long life.

Which historical development is most closely associated with this poster? 

• Efforts to confront the opium crisis

• Cultural Revolution

• nationalist rebellions against Qing rule

• establishment of special economic zones

The situation in this cartoon most clearly shows the influence of which of the following developments?

• Demonstrations at Tiananmen Square

• Japanese invasion of Manchuria

• The Four Modernizations

• The Great Leap Forward

Which later development changed the situation shown in this cartoon?

• Mao Zedong's Cultural Revolution

• Deng Xiaoping's Four Modernizations

• Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist movement

• Mao Zedong's Long March

“When I was young, the Chairman promised us all food. He promised that we would never go hungry again or be without work; my family was led to a village where we became members of a production team. We worked hard, long hours but we were fed every day. The commune prospered at first, but soon people did not meet their quotas and we did not increase our production. We all received the same amount of rice; it didn't matter how much work we did. With the new Chairman, things are different in our village. The government has given us plots of land to work as our own, though I still put in time as a commune worker. We can now keep the amount we produce above the quota set by the government. This has made most of us work harder and the government quotas are being met for the first time.”

––Conversations with a Farmworker (1986)

Which of the following leaders is most closely associated with the change described in this passage?

• Joseph Stalin

• Mao Zedong

• Deng Xiaoping

• Chiang Kai-shek