Which OSI layer is responsible for ensuring the confidentiality, integrity, and authentication of data during communication?

•  Physical Layer

• Data Link Layer

• Network Layer

• Presentation Layer

In a hybrid network topology that combines star and bus topologies, which layers of the OSI model are primarily affected by this configuration?

• Physical Layer and Data Link Layer

• Data Link Layer and Network Layer

• Network Layer and Transport Layer

• Transport Layer and Application Layer

In bipolar line encoding, which voltage level represents a binary "0," and what is its significance in terms of data transmission?

• Positive Voltage; It indicates the start of a data frame.

• Negative Voltage; It indicates the end of a data frame.

• Zero Voltage (No Voltage Change); It helps maintain synchronization.

• Positive Voltage; It represents a binary "1" and is used for data transmission.

In a circuit-switched network, if each connection requires the allocation of a dedicated communication path for the entire duration of the call, which of the following statements is true?

• Circuit switching is highly scalable for a large number of connections.

• Circuit switching is inefficient for bursty and sporadic communication patterns.

• Circuit switching ensures low latency and minimal call setup time.

• cuit switching is the preferred choice for modern packet-switched networks.

In a packet-switched network, which of the following characteristics best describes the behavior of routers or switches when forwarding data packets?

• Routers always store and forward entire packets before making any forwarding decisions.

• Routers examine the destination address in the packet header to determine the appropriate outgoing link.

• Routers divide incoming data into fixed-size chunks before forwarding.

• Switches make real-time decisions on forwarding based on the contents of the entire packet.

In a computer network, which of the following statements is true regarding guided and unguided media?

• Guided media is always faster than unguided media.

• Unguided media is more secure for data transmission.

• Guided media requires physical connections, while unguided media uses wireless transmission.

• Both guided and unguided media are immune to electromagnetic interference.

In a computer network, which of the following statements accurately represents the characteristics of digital and analog signals?

• Analog signals are immune to noise and interference, while digital signals are more susceptible.

• Digital signals are continuous and can represent an infinite range of values, while analog signals are discrete and represent a limited range.

• Digital signals are more efficient in terms of bandwidth usage compared to analog signals.

• Analog signals are typically used in modern high-speed data transmission technologies, while digital signals are primarily used in older, legacy systems.

Which network device primarily operates at Layer 2 (Data Link Layer) of the OSI model, providing segmentation of collision domains and forwarding based on MAC addresses?

• Router

•  Switch

• Hub

• Bridge

When you type a website's URL into your web browser and hit Enter, what is the first step your computer takes in establishing an internet connection?

• Your computer sends an ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) request to the local router.

• Your computer performs a DNS (Domain Name System) resolution to convert the URL to an IP address.

• Your computer establishes a TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) connection to the web server.

• Your computer sends a DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol) request to obtain an IP address.

In a communication scenario where two devices can transmit and receive data but not simultaneously, which mode of communication best describes this setup?

• Simplex

• Half-Duplex

• Full-Duplex

• Multiplex