CFU - Chapter 3 Lecture Notes

​ (a)  

Framework of ​ (b)   molecules consists primarily of carbon bonded to

• Carbon.

             •    O, N, S, P or ​ (c)   .

Can form up to four ​ (d)   bonds

​ (e)   – molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.•

Nonpolar.

• Carbon
• H
• covalent
• Hydrocarbons
• biological

Functional ​ (a)  

Functional groups are specific molecular groups that ​ (b)   to carbon-hydrogen cores.

•            Each group has unique ​ (c)   properties.

•            Properties of​ (d)   groups are retained wherever they attach and influence ​ behavior of entire molecule in reactions.

• groups
• bond
• chemical
• functional

The following images are examples of ______________ groups?

​ (a)  

Molecules with the ​ (b)   molecular or empirical formula.

•            ​ (c)   isomers – differ in structure of carbon skeleton.

•            Stereoisomers – differ in how groups ​ (d)   .

•            Enantiomers.

•            Chiral = four ​ (e)   groups attached.

•            Mirror image molecules.

Examples: D-sugars and L-amino acids

• Isomers
• same
• Structural
• attached
• unique

_____________ are mirror images.

The following image is an example of this type which is also known as optical isomer, antipode, or optical antipode.

   Structural isomers – differ in structure of ________ skeleton.

_______________ – differ in how groups attached.

Macromolecules

Polymer – built by linking ________.

Macromolecules

______________ – small, similar chemical subunits.

Carbohydrates and nucleic acids are _______________.