Patho 1 Exam Review

1. 1. All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT:

a.) During the depolarization stage of the action potential, voltage-dependent Na⁺ channels are open.

b.) During the repolarization stage of the action potential, voltage-dependent K⁺ channels are open.

c.) During the repolarization stage of the action potential, voltage-dependent Na⁺ channels are closed.

d.) Upon repolarization of the membrane potential, a neuron is immediately ready to initiate another action potential if threshold is reached.

e.) An increase in extracellular K⁺ concentration will bring resting membrane potential closer to threshold.

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

2. 2. All of the following statements are correct EXCEPT:

a.     An excitatory neurotransmitter (EPSP) induces a localized and graded depolarization of the neuronal cell body resting membrane potential.

b.     An EPSP can result from the opening of Na⁺ channels.

c.     An inhibitory neurotransmitter (IPSP) induces a localized and graded hyperpolarization of their neuronal cell body resting membrane potential.

d.     An IPSP can result from the closing of Cl⁻ channels.

e.     If EPSP stimulation reaches threshold an action potential is generated on the axon hillock.

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Which answer best describes the function and activity of neurotransmitters?

a.     A given neuron can only release one neurotransmitter.

b.     Neurons can release different amounts of different neurotransmitters depending upon the frequency of nerve firing.

c.     The postsynaptic membrane contains receptors for only one neurotransmitter.

d.     A and C

e. All of the above

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Which of the following is true regarding synaptic transmission?

a.     A gap junction allows for direct, passive flow of electrical currents in chemical synapses.

b.     Fast synaptic transmission involves recycling vesicles and synthesizing neurotransmitters locally in the nerve terminal.

c.     Electrical synapses involved cell to cell communication via the secretion of neurotransmitters.

d.     Neurotransmitters cannot be transported back into the nerve terminal.

• A

• B

• C

• D

Which answer is best regarding agents that effect ACh synthesis, release, and storage?

a.     Botulinum toxin inhibits the release of ACh from the synaptic terminal.

b.     Hemicholinium is an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor.

c.     Black widow spider venom induces a massive release of ACh from the synaptic terminal.

d.     A and C

e.     All of the above

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

Regarding the ANS innervation of the GI tract…

a.     Alpha 1 innervation contracts sphincters

b.     Dominated by the parasympathetic nervous system

c.     Beta 2 innervation decreases motility

d.     A and C

e.     All of the above

• A

• B

• C

• D

• E

All of the following are correct EXCEPT:

a. Alpha 1 stimulation to liver will cause gluconeogenesis.

b. Alpha 2 stimulation to the pancreas decreases insulin release.

c. Beta 1 stimulation to the kidneys will cause renin secretion.

d. Beta 2 stimulation to the uterus will cause myometrial contraction.

• A

• B

• C

• D

Which of the following matches are incorrect?

a.     VIII; receives and processes information about body position, balance, and movement

b.     V; regulates movement of the eye

c.     IX; sensory information from the posterior part of the tongue

d.     VII; parasympathetic innervation of the submaxillary and submandibular glands

• A

• B

• C

• D

Which of the following parts of the spinal cord would you find a pseudounipolar neurons?

• A

• B

• C

• D

Anchoring of the spinal cord to the coccyx is associated with…

a.     Conus medullaris

b.     Cauda equina

c.     Atlas

d. Filum terminale

• A

• B

• C

• D