Variables, Hypothesis, Reliability, Validity & Generalizability

_______ is the cause ; ______ is the outcome / effect

• dependent variable; extraneous variable

• extraneous variable; independent variable

• independent variable; dependent variable

• dependent variable, independent variable

A researcher formulated a research question "Does listening to music help to reduce symptoms of anxiety disorder?"

Which of the following is NOT a research topic about this study?

• treatment for anxiety disorder

• therapeutic function of music

• self-help method to relief anxiety

• music preference among individuals with anxiety

Which of the following correctly operationalized the variable "happiness"? (choose 2)

• number of times the participants laugh

• ask participants to fill up a questionnaire

• the activities carried out by participants

• level of happiness on a scale of 1 to 10

An extraneous variable is _____

• any factor that can affect the dependent variable

• any factor that can affect the independent variable

• any factor other than the independent variable that can affect the dependent variable

• any factor other than the dependent variable that can affect the independent variable

A researcher is investigating if taking break in the afternoon can affect productivity of the workers. One possible extraneous variable is ______

• the difficulty of the task given to workers

• the duration of the break time

• the amount of work finished in a day

There is no difference between old workers and new workers in terms of productivity at work.

This is an example of _______

• null hypothesis

• directional hypothesis

• non-directional hypothesis

• alternative hypothesis

Which of the following is an example of non-directional hypothesis?

• There is a significant relationship between self-esteem and happiness

• There is a significant positive relationship between self-esteem and happiness

• There is a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and happiness

• There is no significant relationship between self-esteem and happiness

The research method used by researcher A is able to produce consistent result. We can conclude that the research method is high in _______

• validity

• reliability

• generalizability

In January, the participants filled up the Patient Health Questionnaire.

In March, they filled up the same questionnaire again.

The results obtained in January and March are similar.

We can conclude that Patient Health Questionnaire has high _____

• inter-rater reliability

• test-retest reliability

• ecological validity

The researcher found that the student participants behave differently when they are being studied in a lab and when they are being studied in a classroom. We can conclude that the result obtained in the lab is ______

• high in test-retest reliability

• low in test-retest reliability

• high in ecological validity

• low in ecological validity