Human Experimentation in History

Which two statements below are central ideas in the article?

• a. Many atrocities were committed by the Nazis during the Holocaust and World War II.

• b. Human experimentation is necessary for the advancement of medicine, but it has not always been practiced in a humane, ethical way.

• c. Edward Jenner used human experimentation to develop the world's first vaccine.

• d. In 331 B.C., some people believed that operating on bodies after death angered the gods.

What is the central idea of the subsection, The Nuremberg Code?

• a. The Nuremberg Code, the first ethical guidelines for human experimentation, came out of some of the most horrifying cases of human experimentation in modern history.

• b. The first human experiments were autopsies performed on prisoners.

• c. Adolf Hitler is responsible for the worst human experiments in modern history.

• d. Today, experiments involving human subjects are highly regulated.

How is the central idea developed in the subsection The Nuremberg Code?

• The author gives examples of the torture committed by Nazi doctors and disguised as medical research.

• The author discusses in depth how the Nazi doctors justified their medical experiments.

• The author gives examples of many times throughout history that human experimentation was a part of war crimes.

• The author discusses the fate of the pharmaceutical industry today.

Which of the following details could be added to the subsection, The First Human Experiments?

• Some historians believe that Herophilus also performed vivisections, dissections on prisoners who were still alive.

• It wasn't until the 18th century that autopsies became legal in England.

• Erasistratus was born on the island of Ceos; Herophilus was from Chalcedon.

• None of the above.

Which statement about the article below is not objective?

• a. Edward Jenner was morally wrong to use human subjects in his medical experiment.

• b. Medical experimentation on humans today is highly regulated.

• c. The human experiments performed by Nazi doctors in concentration camps were torture.

• d. The Nuremberg Code is still relevant in ethical research today.

Which sentence is a summary of the article?

• Fortunately, the 8-year-old boy did not contract smallpox.

• The earliest human experiments were autopsies performed on criminals in 331 B.C. and continue to this day

• At the time, these early autopsies were considered sadistic.

• Some of the most horrifying human experiments were performed by German doctors.

Which statement best describes the relationship between milk maids and the smallpox vaccine?

• It was not unusual for milk maids to contract cowpox on their hands after milking infected cows.

• Jenner infected a milk maid who had contracted cowpox with the smallpox pathogen in order to test his theory.

• The common belief that milk maids who caught cowpox were immune to smallpox led Jenner to discover that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.

• Cowpox was a mild viral infection seen mostly in cows, who were immune to smallpox.