1. Introduction to Psychology of Cross-Cultural Differences

•(a) information (e.g., beliefs, habits, ideas), learned from others, that is capable of influencing behavior; and

•(b) a group of people who share context and experience.

• Heine (2008) two-part definition of culture

• Matsumoto (2009)

•A unique meaning and information system, shared by a group and transmitted across generations,

that allows the group to meet the basic needs of survival, by coordinating social behavior to achieve a viable existence,

to transmit successful social behaviors, to pursue happiness and well-being, and to derive meaning from life

• Heine (2008) two-part definition of culture

• Matsumoto (2009)

•Not as interested in traditional experimental or quasi-experimental approaches,

•culture as internal to the person.

•Methods often ethnographic in nature—meaning they involve extensive observation and rich description of a culture

• Cultural

• Cross cultural

•interested in traditional experimental or quasi-experimental approaches

•culture as internal to the person

•Methods often involving study of similarities and differences in individual psychological and social functioning in various cultures and ethnic groups

• Cultural

• Cross cultural

•the term phonetic has given rise to _______________ (a universal), in recognition of the fact that phonetics exist in all languages;

• Etics

• Emics

•phonemics, on the other hand, are sounds that distinguish languages from one another, leading to the use of ________ as a term to denote a culture-limited phenomenon

• Etics

• Emics

•____________, e.g., hunters and gatherers versus information societies.

•The size of settlements is one of the best ways to index ____________

• Cultural complexity

• Cultural syndromes

_________________ have many rules, norms, and ideas about what is correct behavior in different kinds of situations.

• Tight cultures

• Loose cultures

• Former cultures

• Latter cultures

______________ have fewer rules and norms.

• Tight cultures

• Loose cultures

• Former cultures

• Latter cultures

In the _________________ also, people become quite upset when others do not follow the norms of the society.

• Tight cultures

• Loose cultures

• Former cultures

• Latter cultures