What is a key strength of laboratory experiments in psychological research?

• High external validity

• Natural environment

• Precise control of variables

• Ethical concerns

In which type of experiment is it often challenging to replicate the findings due to the uniqueness of the situation?

• Field experiments

• Laboratory experiments

• Natural experiments

• Case studies

In natural experiments, what is manipulated as the independent variable?

• Environmental variables

• Participant characteristics

• An existing variable

• Randomization

Which sampling method involves selecting participants based on their availability and convenience?

• Stratified sampling

• Volunteer sampling

• Random sampling

• Opportunity sampling

What is the main limitation of volunteer sampling?

• It is time-consuming.

• It involves self-selection bias.

• It ensures generalizability.

• It minimizes bias.

Stratified sampling is used to:

• Maximize researcher control.

• Reduce bias in participant selection.

• Achieve high external validity.

• Save time in participant recruitment.

What is the primary strength of random sampling?

• It ensures convenience.

• It is likely to be representative

• It guarantees a diverse sample.

• It allows for large sample sizes.

In a repeated measures design, what is a potential issue that researchers must be cautious of?

• Order effects

• Individual differences between groups

• Lack of counterbalancing

• Researcher bias

In a ​ (a)   interview, a ​ (b)   interview schedule is followed.

• structured
• unstructured
• covert
• participant
• strict
• relaxed
• quick
• flexible

Which experimental design involves different groups of participants for each experimental condition?

• Repeated measures design

• Independent groups design

• Matched princess design

• Case study design