Psychological Foundations: Behaviorist and Cognitive Theories

Which of the following situations represent "learning," according to Thorndike?

• A child randomly puts the triangle block to differently-shaped holes until he realized that it should put in the triangle hole.

• A child was woken up by an alarm every day at 6:00 AM. Now, he wakes up at 6:00 AM even without an alarm.

• A child was not allowed to play outside if he didn't sleep in the afternoon. Now, the child sleeps every afternoon.

• A child sees adults not crossing the road when the red light is on. So, he also doesn't cross the road when he sees a red light.

Every time a student adds numbers when he sees a "+" sign between them, the teacher gives him a gold star. The student now knows that a plus "+" sign means adding. Which law of Thorndike is exemplified in the situation?

• Law of readiness

• Law of exercise

• Law of effect

After playing the same piece again and again, the student could now play it without reading the music notes. Which law of Thorndike is exemplified in the situation?

• Law of readiness

• Law of exercise

• Law of effect

Which of the following situations shows classical conditioning?

• A child randomly puts the triangle block to differently-shaped holes until he realized that it should put in the triangle hole.

• A child was woken up by an alarm every day at 6:00 AM. Now, he wakes up at 6:00 AM even without an alarm.

• A child was not allowed to play outside if he didn't sleep in the afternoon. Now, the child sleeps every afternoon.

• A child sees adults not crossing the road when the red light is on. So, he also doesn't cross the road when he sees a red light.

A refugee grew up in a war-torn area where bomb sirens were frequent; hence, he looked for cover every time he heard loud sounds from speakers. After years of living in a peaceful place, he no longer feels anxious with loud sounds. Which key principle of classical conditioning is shown in this example?

• Acquisition

• Extinction

• Generalization

• Discrimination

At the elementary level, students were taught to combine and remove blocks from a set when they were asked to add and subtract, respectively. Now that they are in grade 7, they do the same thing with x's and y's. Which key principle of classical conditioning is shown in this example?

• Acquisition

• Extinction

• Generalization

• Discrimination

Which of the following situations shows operant conditioning?

• A child randomly puts the triangle block to differently-shaped holes until he realized that it should put in the triangle hole.

• A child was woken up by an alarm every day at 6:00 AM. Now, he wakes up at 6:00 AM even without an alarm.

• A child was not allowed to play outside if he didn't sleep in the afternoon. Now, the child sleeps every afternoon.

• A child sees adults not crossing the road when the red light is on. So, he also doesn't cross the road when he sees a red light.

Students with a current grade of 1.25 for a course are exempted from the final examination. Which component of operant conditioning is presented in the situation?

• Positive Reinforcement

• Negative Reinforcement

• Positive Punishment

• Negative Punishment

Students were given detention if they broke too many school rules. Which component of operant conditioning is presented in the situation?

• Positive Reinforcement

• Negative Reinforcement

• Positive Punishment

• Negative Punishment

Which of the following situations shows observation learning?

• A child randomly puts the triangle block to differently-shaped holes until he realized that it should put in the triangle hole.

• A child was woken up by an alarm every day at 6:00 AM. Now, he wakes up at 6:00 AM even without an alarm.

• A child was not allowed to play outside if he didn't sleep in the afternoon. Now, the child sleeps every afternoon.

• A child sees adults not crossing the road when the red light is on. So, he also doesn't cross the road when he sees a red light.