GLOBAL MEDIA CULTURES

According to Wilbur Schramm, what is the task of mass media in the modernization paradigm?

• To promote political indoctrination

• To speed up social transformation for economic development

• To restrict freedom of expression

• To maintain control over the population

What did David Lerner emphasize as important for developing societies to achieve development?

• Empathy

• Isolation

• Resistance to change

• Traditional values

According to Benedict Anderson, how does printed communication contribute to the sense of belongingness among people?

• By creating imagined communities

• By promoting nationalism

• By fostering empathy

• By encouraging isolation

In Everett Rogers' model, what determines the capacity of mass media exposure to result in modernization?

• Functional literacy

• Age

• Cosmopoliteness

• Social status

What is the main strength of mass media according to modernization scholars?

• Its ability to promote education for democracy

• Its capacity to shape social processes and create meanings

• Its role in sustaining control over the population

• Its influence on political knowledge

What is the main argument of the cultural imperialism paradigm?

• Global audiences are exposed to media messages from Western industrialized states

• Media ownership and content are subject to external pressures

• Media imperialism is a form of indirect power and concern

• Media serves as an obstacle to steady progress between developed and developing world

According to Herbert Schiller, what does cultural imperialism describe?

• The domination of the world system by a single society

• The shaping of social institutions to correspond to the values of the dominating center

• The resistance of developing countries against Western media

• The influence of media interests on a country's media system

What is the main difference between cultural imperialism and media imperialism?

• Cultural imperialism focuses on global power dynamics, while media imperialism focuses on media interests

• Cultural imperialism is a category of media imperialism

• Cultural imperialism refers to building empires, while media imperialism refers to external pressures

• Cultural imperialism is a form of indirect power, while media imperialism is a direct form of control

What is the contemporary approach to media studies?

• Treating the audience as passive receptacles of information

• Recognizing the audience's capacity for resistance and empowerment

• Focusing on the homogeneous audience

• Ignoring the socio-economic context and cultural preference of the audience

What is the main criticism of the heterogenization school?

• It marginalizes the role of the state

• It neglects the economic clout of global media firms

• It fails to recognize the audience's access to media and communications

• It overemphasizes the role of the state