Crash Course European History

What is the Enlightenment?

• A period of political change in Europe

• A belief in supernatural forces

• A time of warfare and conflict

• A movement that emphasized rational investigation and challenged tradition

What were some of the everyday changes occurring during the Enlightenment?

• Increased abundance and novelty in European lives

• Shifts in how people perceived the world

• Introduction of new commodities like coffee and chocolate

• All of the above

Who was Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu?

• A jurist and writer who criticized outmoded ways of life

• A famous poet who wrote about the Lisbon earthquake

• A philosopher who promoted reason above religion

• A Scottish thinker who advocated for free trade

What did Voltaire criticize in his writings?

• Outmoded ways of life and overweening rulers

• The belief in God and religion

• The persecution of people for their religious beliefs

• All of the above

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau promote in his novel Emile?

• Education reform and practical skills

• Middle-class values like hard work and domesticity

• The importance of individual sentiments

• All of the above

What were Enlightenment salons?

• Regular get-togethers in wealthy women's homes to discuss ideas

• Fashion trends inspired by Rousseau and Voltaire

• Influencers who promoted Enlightenment values on social media

• Philosophical texts that promoted social and political reform

Who wrote the Encyclopedia and what topics did it cover?

• Denis Diderot; discussions of natural rights and the status of women

• Adam Smith; ideas about manufacturing and free trade

• Jean-Jacques Rousseau; the importance of individual reason

• Emmanuel Kant; the nature and causes of wealth

What did Adam Smith advocate for in his book The Wealth of Nations?

• The importance of individual self-interest and free trade

• Healing social policies and concern for overall well-being

• The abolition of slavery and human rights for all

• The promotion of reason above religion

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe about the state and individual obedience?

• The state embodied the best of the collective community and individuals should give it unconditional obedience

• The state should be formed through a contract between individuals and represent the general will

• Individuals should think for themselves and not simply obey old commands and ideas

• All of the above

What did Emmanuel Kant emphasize in his philosophy?

• The importance of individual reason and thinking for oneself

• The need for individuals to embrace natural ways of life

• The promotion of social and political reform

• The belief in God and religious obedience