International Law in Cyberspace

When did the first cyber attack occur?

• 1834

• 1988

• 2000

• 2012

When did cyberspace become a medium of business and a warfare domain?

• Late 1980s

• Early 1990s

• Early 2000s

• Late 2000s

What were the modest developments in international law regarding cybercrime in the early 2000s?

• Convention on Cybercrime

• Additional Protocol to the Convention on Cybercrime

• Both A and B

• None of the above

What did the 2012 U.N. Group of Governmental Experts conclude regarding the application of international law to State activity in cyberspace?

• International law does not apply in cyberspace

• International law applies in cyberspace

• International law applies only to non-State actors in cyberspace

• International law applies only to cyber warfare

What did the Tallinn Manual 1.0 provide?

• A collection of personal views on international law in cyberspace

• A framework for understanding how international law applies in cyberspace

• A set of rules for cyber warfare

• A guide for cyber criminals

What did the 2015 U.N. Group of Governmental Experts affirm regarding the application of the U.N. Charter to State activity in cyberspace?

• The U.N. Charter does not apply to State activity in cyberspace

• The U.N. Charter applies only to non-State actors in cyberspace

• The U.N. Charter applies to State activity in cyberspace

• The U.N. Charter applies only to cyber warfare

According to Brian Egan, when does a cyber operation constitute an attack in the context of an armed conflict?

• When it causes any effect on the targeted system

• When it causes kinetic effects on the targeted system

• When it causes non-kinetic effects on the targeted system

• When it causes significant effects on the targeted system

What did Brian Egan state regarding remote cyber operations involving computers or other networked devices located on another State's territory?

• They always violate international law

• They never violate international law

• They violate international law only if they have significant effects

• They violate international law only if they have no effects

When can a State employ countermeasures according to Brian Egan?

• Anytime it suspects another State of cyber operations

• Only after issuing a prior demand to cease the internationally wrongful act

• Only after obtaining permission from the United Nations

• Only after suffering significant damage from cyber operations

What is the importance of a common understanding of how international law applies to State use of cyberspace?

• To promote cyber warfare

• To promote an open, secure, stable, accessible, and peaceful cyber environment

• To limit State activity in cyberspace

• To restrict the use of proxies in cyberspace