Pathogen Adaptation Quiz

What is the main reason why misfolded prions are infectious?

• They can bind to the surface of a neuron

• They can activate enzymes that convert normal prions into misfolded prions

• They are resistant to denaturation by various factors

• They can enter and accumulate in follicular dendritic cells

How do viruses enter a host cell?

• By binding to specific surface receptors on the host cell

• By fusing with the cell membrane

• By injecting their genetic information into the cell

• All of the above

How do bacteria invade a host cell?

• By being engulfed through phagocytosis

• By binding with host cell surface receptor proteins

• By secreting toxins that break down connective tissue

• All of the above

What is the mechanism through which protozoans invade a host cell?

• Binding with host cell surface proteins

• Performing helical gliding through the cell membrane

• Secreting adhesive proteins to strengthen attachment

• All of the above

How do fungi penetrate a host cell?

• Using appressoria to apply pressure and penetrate the cell membrane

• Secreting enzymes to break down cell membrane

• Entering through natural openings or wounds

• All of the above

How do macro-parasites enter a host?

• By injecting their mouth through the cell membrane

• By penetrating the skin

• By acting as vectors for other pathogens

• All of the above

What are some adaptations of pathogens for water transmission?

• Chlorine resistance

• Ability to move through water

• Ability to reproduce in water

• All of the above

How do pathogens survive air transmission via water droplets?

• By surviving the acidic environment of the stomach

• By being lightweight and floating in the air

• By not drying out due to wind

• All of the above

What are some adaptations of pathogens for faeces-oral transmission?

• Tolerance to alkaline pH and low oxygen

• Ability to cause diarrhoea

• Resistance to chemicals ingested by the host

• All of the above

How do pathogens adapt for vector-assisted transmission?

• Attachment to vector's surface receptor proteins

• Ability to not be washed away in the intestines

• Maturation of eggs similar to vector's feeding times

• All of the above