is the unchanging essence of a thing, which exists by itself and has attributes and modes that may change.

is a form of communication driven by causation.

is a thing, an entity, or a being that can have properties and bear relations to other purposes.

is a thing as it appears to be, as constructed by the mind and perceived by the senses.

“Our body is the envelope of the soul, which, in turn, is the guardian and protector.”

“The soul never reasons better than when it as completely isolated itself by sending the body walk.”

“The word body is very equivocal. When we speak of a body in general, we mean a specific part of the material and set the amount in which the universe is composed. But when we speak of the body of a man or woman, we hear any matter which is united with the soul of man”

“I mean a mode that the body expresses the essence of God as it is regarded as something heard, in a certain and determined.”

“Each organic body of living is a kind of divine machine, or natural automaton, which infinitely surpasses all artificial automata” (Monadology).

is the position that mind and body are in some definite way separate from each other. That mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical.