Test Review 4 2024

Psychologists define learning as the process of

• adapting to the environment.

• responding to external stimuli.

• rewarding behavioral responses.

• acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors.

Jordan is frightened by the sound of a train whistle. The sound is a(n)

• unconditioned response.

• generalization.

• acquisition.

• stimulus.

When given a red pen rather than a black pen for correcting essays, people spot more errors. This best illustrates the subtle impact of

• learned associations.

• behaviorism.

• spontaneous recovery.

• unconditioned responding.

Last year, Dr. Moritano cleaned Natacha's skin with rubbing alcohol prior to administering each of a series of rabies vaccination shots. Which of the following processes accounts for the fact that Natacha currently becomes fearful every time she smells rubbing alcohol?

• cognitive learning

• classical conditioning

• observational learning

• operant conditioning

Pavlov's research on classical conditioning was important because

• so many different species of animals, including humans, can be classically conditioned.

• so many different behaviors can be classically conditioned.

• it demonstrated that a psychological process could be studied objectively.

• of all of these reasons.

A type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher is called

• cognitive learning.

• higher-order conditioning.

• operant conditioning.

• classical conditioning.

When Henry's little brother accidentally locked himself inside his mother's car, Henry used his mother's car key to unlock the door. Henry's action could best be described as a(n)

• unconditioned response.

• respondent behavior.

• spontaneous recovery.

• operant behavior.

Makayla developed an intense fear of flying five years ago when she was in a plane crash. The fact that today she can again fly without distress indicates that her fear has undergone

• spontaneous recovery.

• extinction.

• generalization.

• discrimination.

When a CS is not paired with a US, the subsequent fading of a CR is called

• discrimination.

• generalization.

• secondary conditioning.

• extinction.

An allergy attack triggered by the sight of plastic flowers best illustrates the process of

• operant conditioning.

• observational learning.

• generalization.

• spontaneous recovery.