MIDTERM PHONO

the study of sound patterns and systems in language

the smallest meaning-distinguishing sound unit in a language

the part of the tongue which is raised highest (front and back)

• tongue height

• tongue shape

a standard reference system for English vowels and a range of vowels humans can make

• cardinal vowels

• long vowels

• short vowels

"the roof of the mouth", j in 'yes'

the place for making k and g

this cannot move, but the tongue touches it when making t or d

• nose

• lips

• vocal folds

• alveolar ridge

6 English short vowels:

• /æ/

  /e/

  /ɪ/

  /ɒ/

  /ʌ/

  /ʊ/

• /æ/

  /a/

  /ɪ/

  /ɒ/

  /ʌ/

  /ʊ/

pull

• /pʊl/

• /pəl/

• /pʌl/

• /puːl/

impossible for the air to pass through the mouth

• vowel

• cardinal vowel

• short vowel

• consonant