Scientific Revolution and Reformation

What was the main contribution of Nicolaus Copernicus to the Scientific Revolution?

• He developed the laws of motion.

• He discovered the law of universal gravitation.

• He proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

• 1. He formulated the laws of planetary motion.

What was the main goal of Martin Luther's 95 Theses?

• To break away from the Catholic Church and start a new religion.

• To criticize the Pope and the hierarchy of the Church.

• To challenge the Church's practice of selling indulgences.

• 1. To argue for the translation of the Bible into the vernacular.

How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation?

• 1. The Inquisition established pious new religious orders including the Jesuits and an order of nuns led by Teresa of Avila.

• It erupted into turmoil, resulting in greater religious conflict including the persecution of witches and the split of the Church of England.

• It compromised by embracing the Calvinist ideas of predestination, going so far as to institute theocratic communities.

• It enacted its own reforms, attempting to end corruption with a renewed emphasis on morality and discipline.

Which scientist was responsible for the heliocentric model of the universe?

• Galileo Galilei

• Nicolaus Copernnicus

• Issac Newton

• 1. Rene Descartes

What was the eventual result of the scientific contributions of René Descartes and Francis Bacon?

• A new, step-by-step scientific method resulted, based on inquiry, experimentation, and observation.

• A new body of science called chemistry was established, which proposed that all matter is composed of tiny particles.

• Mathematics was applied to the movement of planets, in which laws of gravity were observed and established.

• 1. The geocentric view of the universe was discarded despite Church pressure in favor of the heliocentric model.

What general conclusion did Isaac Newton's observation of gravity have on the way we understand the universe?

• The law of gravity is the force that explains why the sun is at the center of the solar system.

• The laws of physics use gravity to help illustrate and model a form of higher mathematics called calculus, in part developed by Newton.

• The law of gravity is one of several natural forces that explains and governs the motion of the planets and stars.

• 1. Gravity was the missing link that was needed to link astronomy, physics, and mathematics.

How was Queen Elizabeth I a major influence in restoring unity in England through the Elizabethan Settlement in the mid-1500s?

• She retained many Catholic traditions but kept England a Protestant nation.

• She removed Catholic rituals and retained English in church services.

• The British removed her monarchy from control over religious matters.

• 1. A compromise between spiritual leaders that she negotiated ended in a truce.

How was the Scientific Revolution inspired by the Renaissance?

• During the Renaissance, the Church was a patron of scientific research as well as the arts.

• Renaissance artists depicted human anatomy more realistically.

• The Renaissance spirit of inquiry led scientists to explore beyond ancient knowledge.

• 1. The Renaissance discovery of perspective aided scientific research.

What was the main contribution of Francis Bacon to the Scientific Revolution?

• He developed the laws of motion.

• He discovered the law of universal gravitation.

• He proposed the heliocentric model of the universe.

• 1. He developed the scientific method.

How did the message of the Reformation spread through Europe?

• Church leaders allowed priests to post Luther's Theses on church doors to encourage debate.

• Lutheran missionaries carried his message to people throughout Europe.

• 1. Town councils that disapproved of the Church's wealth and worldliness encouraged acceptance of Reformation ideas.

• The printing press spread Luther's writings through pamphlets and broadsheets.