Mayer's Multimedia principles

People learn better when you present corresponding words and pictures simultaneously rather than successively

• Spatial contiguity

• Temporal contiguity

• Segmenting

People learn more deeply from pictures & spoken words than from pictures & printed words

• Pre-training

• Multimedia

• Modality

People learn better when you exclude extraneous material

• Coherence

• Redundancy

• Signaling

People do not necessarily learn better when the speaker's image is on the screen

• Voice

• Image

• Personalization

People learn better when you use cues that highlight the organization of the essentioal material

• Redundancy

• Coherence

• Signaling

People learn better when narration is spoken in a human voice rather than in a machine voice

• Voice

• Image

• Multimedia

People learn better when you present a multimedia message in user-paced segments rather than as a continuous unit

• Personalization

• Spatial contiguity

• Segmenting

People learn better from multimedia presentation when you use conversational language (rather than formal)

• Personalization

• Multimedia

• Spatial contiguity

People learn better from graphics & narration than from some graphics, narration & printed text

• Pre-training

• Redundancy

• Multimedia

People learn more deeply from a multimedia message when they know the names & characteristics of the main concepts

• Pre-training

• Spatial contiguity

• Multimedia