Memory

Neuron's that fire together, wire together.

What is this law?

• Hebb's Law

• Ribot’s law

• Korsakoff’s law

• Tulving's law

Answer explanation

Hebb's Law

Memory is the result of changes in the strength of synaptic interactions among neurons in neural networks.

If a synapse is active when a postsynaptic neuron is active, the synapse will be strengthened (neuron's that fire together, wire together).

This is due to Long-Term Potentiation (LTP), a lasting increase in responsiveness of a postsynaptic neuron caused by a brief, high-frequency stimulation to presynaptic neuron

Atkinson and Shiffrin's Three Stage model of memory regarded short-term memory as a single entity that is essential for all longterm learning. This model was replaced by...

• Working Memory Models

• Binary Models

• Franco-European Models

• Ebbinghausian Models

Answer explanation

Working Memory Model

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model regarded Short-Term Memory (STM) as a single entity that is essential for all longterm learning.

Both of these assumptions turned out to be incorrect.

This model was replaced by the Braddeley's Working Memory Model, in which STM is replaced by Working Memory.

Other new models “cut out the middle man” and suggest that there are no short-term stores, but that working memory is, instead, just the temporary activation of longterm memories

Modern models tend to view Short Term Memory as...

• A subset of Working Memory

• A temporary activation of Long Term Memory

• A single entity

• Essential for Long Term Memory

Answer explanation

Working Memory Model

Atkinson and Shiffrin's model regarded Short-Term Memory (STM) as a single entity that is essential for all longterm learning.

Both of these assumptions turned out to be incorrect.

This model was replaced by the Braddeley's Working Memory Model, in which STM is replaced by Working Memory.

Other new models “cut out the middle man” and suggest that there are no short-term stores, but that working memory is, instead, just the temporary activation of longterm memories

What brain areas are associated with the Phonological Loop?

• BA44

• Supramarginal Gyrus

• Hippocampus

• Occipital Lobe

Answer explanation

Working Memory span is usually 7, +/-2.

Span is reduced if participants are asked to silently mouth irrelevant speech (e.g., saying “1, 2, 3 …”) while encoding a list

Suggests that span tasks involve a rehearsal mechanism: the “phonological loop”

Phonological loop is associated with BA44 and SUpramarginal Gyrus

BA44 and the Supramarginal Gyrus are responsible for your what?

• Phonological Loop

• Visuo-spatial sketchpad

• Semantic Memory

• Non-declarative memory

Answer explanation

Working Memory span is usually 7, +/-2.

Span is reduced if participants are asked to silently mouth irrelevant speech (e.g., saying “1, 2, 3 …”) while encoding a list

Suggests that span tasks involve a rehearsal mechanism: the “phonological loop”

Phonological loop is associated with BA44 and SUpramarginal Gyrus

Keeping visuo-spatial information in mind involves sustaining activity in regions of the brain involved in _____.

• Object Perception

• Language Processing

• Mathemtical Reasoning

• Emotional Cognition

Answer explanation

Visuo-Spatial STM

Baddeley says visuo-spatial STM works the same as phonological loop in working memory

Alternate view: Keeping visuo-spatial information in mind involves sustaining activity in regions of the brain involved in object perception.

Damage to right Parieto-Occipital region produces deficit in visuo-spatial STM

Damage to left Parieto-Occipital region produces deficit in linguistic material

Damage to which region causes problems in Visuo-Spatial STM?

• RIght Parieto-Occipital area

• Left Parieto-Occipital area

• BA44

• Supramarginal Gyrus

Answer explanation

Visuo-Spatial STM

Baddeley says visuo-spatial STM works the same as phonological loop in working memory

Alternate view: Keeping visuo-spatial information in mind involves sustaining activity in regions of the brain involved in object perception.

Damage to right Parieto-Occipital region produces deficit in visuo-spatial STM

Damage to left Parieto-Occipital region produces deficit in linguistic material

Working Memory has two essential features:

• A capacity limited storage system

• A mechanism for refreshing and maintaining activity

• An unlimited storage capacity

• An emotional component that helps us remember

Answer explanation

Working Memory

Working Memory has two essential features:

A capacity limited storage system (span)

A mechanism for refreshing and maintaining activity in that system (phonological loop)

What brain areas control Declaritive (Episodic and Semantic) memory?

• Medial Temporal Lobe

• Diencephalon

• Basal Ganglia

• Amygdala

• Cerebellum

Answer explanation

Long Term Memory

Episodic/Semantic: Medial Temporal Lobe, Diencephalon

Procedural: Basal Ganglia

Priming: Neocortex

Classical Conditioning: Amygdala, Cerebellum

Habituation/Sensitisation: Reflexes

What brain areas control Procedural memory?

• Medial Temporal Lobe

• Diencephalon

• Basal Ganglia

• Amygdala

• Cerebellum

Answer explanation

Long Term Memory

Episodic/Semantic: Medial Temporal Lobe, Diencephalon

Procedural: Basal Ganglia

Priming: Neocortex

Classical Conditioning: Amygdala, Cerebellum

Habituation/Sensitisation: Reflexes