Cosmological Arguments

Identify Aquinas' first three ways.

• Change, Efficient Cause, Necessity and Contingency

• Motion, Efficient Causation, Necessity and Contingency

• Change, First Cause, Contingency

• Motion, Efficient Causation, Necessity

Which argument is based on the distinction between potentiality and actuality?

• Leibniz Principle of Sufficient Reason

• Kalam Argument

• Aquinas 1st Way

• Aquinas 3rd Way

Who originally formulated the Kalam argument?

• Al-Ghazali

• St. Thomas Aquinas

• Bertrand Russell

• William Lane Craig

Which argument is based on the principle that whatever begins to exist has a cause?

• Aquinas 3rd Way

• Leibniz Principle of Sufficient Reason

• Kalam Argument

• Aquinas' 2nd Way

Who developed a contingency cosmological argument based on the Principle of Sufficient Reason?

• Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz

• St. Thomas Aquinas

• William Lane Craig

• al-Ghazali

What is the relevance of Quantum Indeterminacy to the cosmological argument?

• It undermines the causal principle

• It proves the existence of God

• It supports the Kalam argument

• It strengthens the Principle of Sufficient Reason

What did Bertrand Russell regard the existence of the universe as?

• A brute fact

• A random occurrence

• A logical necessity

• An unexplained mystery

How does the Leibnizian Cosmological Argument differ from the Kalam Cosmological Argument?

• Leibniz argues for an eternal universe, while Kalam argues for a finite beginning

• Leibniz focuses on the contingency of beings, while Kalam emphasizes causality

• Both arguments are identical in their premises and conclusions

• Leibniz rejects the idea of causality, while Kalam embraces it.

What is the relationship between contingent beings and a necessary being?

• Contingent beings and necessary beings are unrelated

• Contingent beings cause the existence of a necessary being

• Contingent beings are dependent on a necessary being for their existence

• Necessary beings are contingent upon the existence of the universe.

What is the principle of sufficient reason, which is often invoked in the cosmological argument?

• Everything has a reason for its existence

• Every effect has a cause

• Every reason can be sufficiently explained.

• Every event has a cause