Surveying 1 Reviewer

The process of determining the location of points,

length and direction of lines, area bounded by the

lines, and the volume between layers.

• Levelling

• Surveying

• Measuring

• Aligning

Usually carried out on area less

than 250 km2

• Topographic Surveying

• Geodetic Surveying

• Land Surveying

• Plane Surveying

Usually carried out on area equal to

or more than 250 km2

• Topographic Surveying

• Geodetic Surveying

• Land Surveying

• Plane Surveying

The difference between an

observed or calculated value and a true

value.

• Precision

• Accuracy

• Error

• Correction

Action or process of

correcting or adjusting something.

• Precision

• Accuracy

• Error

• Correction

Error may arise due to imperfection the instrument manufacturing

or faulty adjustment of the instrument with which measurement is

being taken.

• Instrumental Error

• Personal Error

• Natural Error

• Gross Error

Error may also arise due to the imperfections of the human senses

such as the sense of sight in observing, hearing in recording, and of

touch in manipulating instruments.

• Instrumental Error

• Personal Error

• Natural Error

• Gross Error

Errors may also be due to variations in the phenomena of nature

such as temperature, humidity, wind, refraction, gravity and

magnetic declination.

• Instrumental Error

• Personal Error

• Natural Error

• Gross Error

Due to the carelessness of the

observer.

• Instrumental Error

• Personal Error

• Natural Error

• Gross Error

It is an error that follow some pattern and can be expressed by functional

relationships based on some deterministic system.

• Random Error

• Systematic Error

• Natural Error

• Gross Error