All cells in an organism have a copy of the same DNA. If the DNA is the same, how do stem cells become so many different types of cells?

• Some genes are turned on in some cells while other genes are turned off.

• The different cells mutate to express different genes.

• Some cells get more energy and nutrients, allowing them to go through more changes.

• Each cell takes different DNA from the environment and uses that to change.

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When butterflies form a chrysalis in the sunlight, they emerge as a bright butterfly, whereas if the same butterfly formed its chrysalis in the shade, it would have the same color pattern but dull instead of bright. Which genetic concept explains this phenomena?

• This is an example of mutation. The radiation from the sun altered the genes in a predictable way.

• This is an example of evolution. The individual butterfly adapted to match the bright conditions.

• This is an example of epigenetics. Some genes were expressed or suppressed based on a non-genetic factor.

• This is not genetic at all. There is not enough scientific evidence to support any conclusion. This is most likely random chance.

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Which cellular structure regulates Cell differentiation?

• DNA contains all the information that cells need to differentiate.

• The cell membrane changes its shape to form different cells.

• The mitochondria provide energy, which tells the cells how to change.

• Proteins spontaneously form, giving signals to the cell to change.

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Why are sex-linked traits more likely to affect males?

• Sex is determined by the sperm, so sex-linked genes go from father to son

• A mother's eggs are as old as she is. If the eggs are older, they are more likely to develop chromosomal mutations.

• Males only have 1 X chromosome, so if it contains a mutation, they have no back-up X to protect them like females do.

• Males are more likely to make foolish decisions in their life, leading to gene mutations in their offspring.

In flies, eye color is a sex-linked gene. Red eyes X^R is dominant to white eyes X^r. What are the chances a heterozygous red-eyed female and a white-eyed male have a white-eyed female offspring? (I gave you time, actually work it out.)

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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In flies, eye color is a sex-linked gene. Red eyes X^R is dominant to white eyes X^r. What are the chances a homozygous red-eyed female and a white-eyed male have a white-eyed male offspring? (I gave you time, actually work it out.)

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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In dogs, Brown and Black coloring alleles are considered codominant to each other. The heterozygous phenotype is called "brindle." What are the chances a brindle dog and a black dog have brindle offspring?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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In dogs, Brown and Black coloring alleles are considered codominant to each other. The heterozygous phenotype is called "brindle." What are the chances of 2 brindle dogs having brindle offspring?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

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In dogs, Brown and Black coloring alleles are considered codominant to each other. The heterozygous phenotype is called "brindle." What are the chances of 2 brindle dogs having brown offspring?

• 0%

• 25%

• 50%

• 75%

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NGSS.HS-LS3-1

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In cattle, longhorns are recessive to short-horn and Brown is codominant with black. The brown and black mix is called "brindle." A heterozygous short-horned, brindle bull mates with a heterozygous short-horned brindle heifer. What are the chances they will have a brindle long-horn offspring? (I gave you time, work it out.)

• 1/8

• 1/4

• 3/16

• 9/16

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