4.1 - 4.4 Review

Where does the ligand bind to start signal transduction?

• receptor

• phosphorylation cascade

• nucleus

• glycolipid

Where would you find a receptor for a steroid hormone?

• in the cytoplasm because steroids are non-polar

• in the cytoplasm because steroids are polar

• on the membrane because steroids are non-polar

• on the membrane because steroids are polar

Which of the following is a second messenger?

• protein kinase

• ligand

• cAMP

• ATP

Which of the following is the order of steps for a signal transduction pathway?

• transduction --> response

• reception --> transduction --> response

• amplification --> reception --> transduction

• reception --> initiation -->

  response

How are steroid and protein hormones different?

• steroid hormones are hydrophobic while protein hormones are hydrophilic

• steroid hormones are hydrophilic while protein hormones are hydrophobic

• steroid hormones are small and uncharged while protein hormones are large and charged

• steroid hormones are large and charged while protein hormones are small and uncharged

Which of the following is a potential response for the cell?

• activation of a transcription factor

• release of Ca²⁺ from the SER

• phosphorylation cascase

• conformational change of receptor

How is paracrine an hormone signaling different?

• hormone signaling involves bloodstream, long distance and paracrine involves extracellular fluid, short distances

• hormone signaling involves blood stream, short distance and paracrine involves extracellular fluid, long distance

• hormone signaling involves extracellular fluid, long distance and paracrine involves bloodstream, short distances

• hormone signaling involves extracellular fluid, short distances and paracrine involves bloodstream, long distances

How are ligands cell specific?

• each cell has different relay molecules based on the ligand

• each cell has a different response to the ligand

• each cell has different receptors to bind to the ligand

• each cell has different processes for endocytosis

Describe the phosphorylation cascade.

• mitochondria adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate

• ATP adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate

• protein phosphatase adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate

• protein kinase adds a phosphate to a relay molecule which causes a change in shape to activate

Transduction step traditionally amplifies the signal, which of the following are NOT involved with transduction.

• phosphorylation cascade

• secondary messengers

• ligands

• protein modification