Exam - Regeneration - 2024

Regeneration is a developmental process that involves:

• growth

• morphogenesis

• differentiation of cells

• all statements

Epimorphic regeneration involves:

• transdifferentiation of adult cells

• dedifferentiation of adult cells with formation of blastema

• transdifferentiation of stem cells

• dedifferentiation of adult cells without formation of blastema

The importance of nerves in amphibian’s limb regeneration, meaning that:

• induces keratinocytes of the wounded edge to dedifferentiate

• the nerves are not important in limb regeneration

• induces the formation scar

• regulates the movement of wounded animal

Hox genes are involved in positional identity along antero-posterior axis, because of:

• spatial collinearity expression of these genes

• temporal collinearity expression of these genes

• spatial and temporal expression of these genes

• random expression of Hox genes

The Hox genes at the 3-end are expressed:

• earlier and in the anterior regions of the embryo

• later and in the posterior regions of the embryo

• earlier and in the posterior regions of the embryo

• later and in the anterior regions of the embryo

Conditional cell fate specification

• use owns cellular constituents

• is a type of syncytial specification

• use morphogenetic determinants

• requires interactions between neighboring cells

Cell fate determination

• involves cells that are not dividing

• involves selection of genes to be expressed in each cell type

• does not require the expression of certain genes

• involves activation of all genes

Transdifferentiation

• involves cellular division

• permit differentiation of cells into another unrelated cellular type

• permit differentiation of cells into another related cellular type

• permit cell fate specification and determination

Primary or direct fracture healing is made

• without callus formation

• with callus formation

• by intramembranous ossification

• by endochondral ossification

In regenerative phase of secondary fracture healing

• soft callus is vascular

• soft callus is secreted by the osteocytes

• soft callus is secreted by the chondrocytes

• soft callus is secreted by the osteoclasts