Lexical problems of translation

LEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION

• I. Complete correspondences.

  II. Partial correspondences.

  III. The absence of correspondences

• I. Complete correspondences.

  II. Partial correspondences.

• Complete correspondences

• Partial correspondences.

  The absence of correspondences

complete lexical groups

• 1) Proper names and geographical denominations;

  2) The months and days of the week, numerals.

• 1) Proper names and geographical denominations;

  2) Scientific and technical terms

• 1) Proper names and geographical denominations;

  2) Scientific and technical terms

  3) The months and days of the week, numerals.

• Scientific and technical terms The months and days of the week, numerals.

pseudo- international words

• form in both languages differ but differ in meaning same

• similar in form in both languages

• similar in form in both languages, but differ in meaning or use

Realiae

• formal inexpressibility of semantic components

• words denoting objects, phenomena and so on, which are typical of a people

• words denoting objects, phenomena

• certain elements in the original text

TYPES OF LEXICAL TRANSFORMATIONS

• 1lexical substitutions;

  2. Supplementations;

  3. Omissions

• 1lexical substitutions;

  2. Supplementations;

• 1. Supplementation

  2. Omissions

• Supplementation

Lexical substitutions

• words and stable word combinations are not replaced

• word combinations are same

• words and stable word combinations are replaced by others which are not their equivalents

• words and stable word combinations are not replaced by others which are not their equivalents

Antonymous translation

• substitution of a positive construction for a negative one (and vice versa), which is coupled with a replacement of a word by its antonym when translated

• same construction for a negative one which is coupled with a replacement of a word

• substitution of a positive construction for a negative one

• substitution of a negative construction for a positive one

Omissions (dropping).

• the meaning of the words

• words with a surplus meaning

• words with a surplus meaning are omitted

• words with a surplus meaning are not omitted

Compensation

• words denoting objects, phenomena and so on, which are typical of a people

• lexical units words and stable word combinations are replaced by others

• complex lexico-gramma­tical substitution of a positive construction

• certain elements in the original text cannot be expressed in terms of the language it is translated into