G11 Industrial Revolution

The Agricultural Revolution Paves the Way

Jethro Tull was one of the first of these scientific farmers. He saw that the usual way of sowing seed by scattering it across the ground was wasteful. Many seeds failed to take root. He solved this problem with an invention called the seed drill in about 1701. It allowed farmers to sow seeds in well-spaced rows at specific depths. A larger share of the seeds took root, boosting crop yields.

Jethro Tull invented ________, which greatly increased agricultural production in Great Britain during the eighteenth century.

• seed drill

• water wheel

• enclosure system

• crop rotation system

Changes in the Textile Industry

At first, textile workers operated the flying shuttle and the spinning jenny by hand. Then, Richard Arkwright invented the water frame in 1769. This machine used the waterpower from rapid streams to drive spinning wheels. In 1779, Samuel Crompton combined features of the spinning jenny and the water frame to produce the spinning mule. The spinning mule made thread that was stronger, finer, and more consistent than earlier spinning machines. Run by waterpower, Edmund Cartwright’s power loom sped up weaving after its invention in 1787. In this way, the energy that water provided helped to cause significant economic change in later 18th century Britain.

........... created the water frame in 1769, which allowed fast-flowing rivers to power British textile factories.

• John Kay

• Richard Arkwright

• Samuel Crompton

• Edmund Wright

Watt's Steam Engine

James Watt, a mathematical instrument maker at the University of Glasgow in Scotland, thought about the problem for two years. In 1765, Watt figured out a way to make the steam engine work faster and more efficiently while burning less fuel. In 1774, Watt joined with a businessman named Matthew Boulton. Boulton was an entrepreneur (ahn•truh•pruh•NUR), a person who organizes, manages, and takes on the risks of a business. He paid Watt a salary and encouraged him to build better engines.

Matthew Boulton invested in the development of ___________'s steam engine, which revolutionized transportation and industrialization.

• James Watt

• Robert Fulton

• John McAdam

Steam-driven Locomotives

In 1804, an English engineer named Richard Trevithick won a bet of several thousand dollars. He did this by hauling ten tons of iron over nearly ten miles of track in a steam-driven locomotive. Other British engineers soon built improved versions of Trevithick’s locomotive. One of these early railroad engineers was George Stephenson. He had gained a solid reputation by building some 20 engines for mine operators in northern England. In 1821, Stephenson began work on the world’s first railroad line. It was to run 27 miles from the Yorkshire coal fields to the port of Stockton on the North Sea. In 1825, the railroad opened. It used four locomotives that Stephenson had designed and built.

Railroad engineer _________ constructed the first railroad line in 1825 to move coal from mines in Yorkshire to the port of Stockton, from where it could be transported throughout the country.

• James Watt

• George Stephenson

• Richard Trevithick

The Day of a Child Laborer, William Cooper

Child labor was common in many industries during the Industrial Revolution. A boy named William Cooper began working in a textile factory at the age of ten. He had a sister who worked upstairs in the same factory. In 1832, Cooper was called to testify before a parliamentary committee about the conditions among child laborers in the textile industry. The following outline of his day is based upon his testimony.

5 A.M

The workday began. Cooper and his sister rose as early as 4:00 or 4:30 in order to get to the factory by 5:00. Children usually ate their breakfast on the run.

12 NOON

The children were given a 40-minute break for lunch. This was the only break they received all day.

3 P.M.

The children often became drowsy during the afternoon or evening hours. In order to keep them awake, adult overseers sometimes whipped the children.

6 P.M.

There was no break allowed for an evening meal. Children again ate on the run.

9 P.M.

William Cooper’s day ended after an exhausting 16-hour shift at work.

Typical of child laborers in industrial Britain, __________ began working in a textile factory at age 10 and worked 16 hours a day with only one 40-minute break for lunch.

• William Cooper

• Mary Barton

• Charles Dickens

The Working Class

Some working class people became so frustrated that they smashed the machines they thought were putting them out of work. One group of such workers was called the Luddites. They were named after Ned Ludd. Ludd, probably a mythical English laborer, was said to have destroyed weaving machinery around 1779. The Luddites attacked whole factories in northern England beginning in 1811, destroying labor saving machinery. Outside the factories, mobs of workers rioted, mainly because of poor living and working conditions.

Luddites objected to the poor working conditions in factories and protested the loss of their jobs by destroying ___________.

• Shops

• machines

• police stations

Positive Effects of the Industrial Revolution

The middle and upper classes prospered immediately from the Industrial Revolution. For the workers it took longer, but their lives gradually improved during the 1800s. Laborers eventually won higher wages, shorter hours, and better working conditions after they joined together to form labor unions.

Nineteenth-century working conditions for thousands of lower-class Britons slowly improved after joining_________

• labour unions

• political parties

• farming cooperatives

Case Study: Manchester
The Mills of Manchester

Manchester’s unique advantages made it a leading example of the new industrial city. This northern English town had ready access to waterpower. It also had available labor from the nearby countryside and an outlet to the sea at Liverpool

Manchester had many advantages in developing into a major industrial center: a ready labor supply, a fast-flowing river, and access to the port city of___________

• Glasgow

• Liverpool

• London

Industrialization in the United States

As in Britain, industrialization in the United States began in the textile industry. Eager to keep the secrets of industrialization to itself, Britain had forbidden engineers, mechanics, and toolmakers to leave the country. In 1789, however, a young British mill worker named Samuel Slater emigrated to the United States. There, Slater built a spinning machine from memory and a partial design. In 1793 he built what is known today as Slater’s Mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island. For his contribution, Slater became known as the Father of American Industry.

Considered to be the Father of American Industry, Response area_______ reproduced a textile machine from memory and a basic design.

• Moses Brown

• Samuel Slater

• John D. Rokefeller

Germany Industrializes

Most important, Germany built railroads that linked its growing manufacturing cities, such as Frankfurt, with the Ruhr Valley’s coal and iron ore deposits. In 1858, a German economist wrote, “Railroads and machine shops, coal mines and iron foundries, spinneries and rolling mills seem to spring up out of the ground, and smokestacks sprout from the earth like mushrooms.” Germany’s economic strength spurred its ability to develop as a military power. By the late 1800s, a unified, imperial Germany had become both an industrial and a military giant.

German railroads linked the mineral-rich Ruhr Valley with major industrial centers, such as_______

• Berlin

• Frankfurt

• |Prague

• Vienna