Critics of Secularisation Theory

What have critics challenged about secularisation theory's claim regarding religion?

• That religion is becoming more influential

• That religion is not declining but only changing

• That religion is increasing due to economic factors

• That religion is declining on a global scale

What do critics say about the impact of increased diversity and choice on religion?

• It has no significant impact on religion

• It undermines religion's plausibility and encourages greater involvement

• It strengthens the secularisation theory

• It leads to a decline in individual religious practices

According to the text, what is NOT one of the main alternatives to secularisation theory?

• Theories of late modernity and postmodernity

• Religious market theory

• The constant cycle of secularisation without renewal

• The view that secularisation is a stage of a cycle including renewal

What societal changes do some sociologists argue are leading to new forms of religion?

• Changes in political structures

• Changes in individualism, choice, and consumerism

• Changes in technological advancements

• Changes in geographical boundaries

Who argues that there is a major change in religion from obligation to consumption in today's late modern society?

• Anthony Giddens

• Grace Davie

• Emile Durkheim

• Max Weber

According to the text, how has the approach to religion changed in modern times?

• Religion is now inherited and imposed by the family.

• Religion has become a matter of personal choice rather than obligation.

• Churches no longer allow individual choice in religious matters.

• People are obligated to attend church due to societal pressure.

What concept does Davie refer to when discussing the trend of people holding religious beliefs without being active members of a religious community?

• Believing without belonging

• Obligated religious practice

• Privatised religious consumption

• Vicarious religious participation

What has been the trend in baptisms according to the text?

• There has been an increase in infant baptisms.

• Adult baptisms have become less common.

• Infant baptisms are now a minority, with more adults choosing to be baptised.

• Baptisms are no longer practiced in England and France.

What does Davie mean by "vicarious religion"?

• Religion that is practiced by a majority of people in a society.

• Religion that is practiced without any belief or belonging.

• Religion that is practiced by an active minority on behalf of the majority.

• Religion that is only practiced on national occasions.

According to the text, how do major national churches function in Europe according to Davie?

• As private institutions that serve only the believers.

• As 'Spiritual Health Service' similar to the NHS, available for everyone when needed.

• As organizations that promote secularisation.

• As places that are used only for religious worship.