55 Review

In deciding this case about judicial appointments, the court established the principle of judicial review, empowering the Supreme Court to declare an act of the legislative or executive branch unconstitutional.

• MARBURY V. MADISON (1803)

• MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND (1819)

• SCHENCK V. UNITED STATES (1919)

• BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954)

In deciding this case about a national bank and state taxes, the court established supremacy of the U.S. Constitution and federal laws over state laws.

• MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND (1819)

• § GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT (1963)

• NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES (1971)

• SHAW V. RENO (1993)

Speech creating a “clear and present danger” was not protected by the First Amendment and could be limited.

• SCHENCK V. UNITED STATES (1919)

• TINKER V. DES MOINES INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT (1969)

• NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES (1971)

• CITIZENS UNITED V. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION (2010)

Race-based school segregation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

• BROWN V. BOARD OF EDUCATION (1954)

• TINKER V. DES MOINES INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT (1969)

• ENGEL V. VITALE (1962)

• WISCONSIN V. YODER (1972)

This case held that redistricting did not raise political questions, allowing federal courts to hear other cases that challenge redistricting plans that may violate the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.

• BAKER V. CARR (1962)

• SHAW V. RENO (1993)

• MCDONALD V. CHICAGO (2010)

• SCHENCK V. UNITED STATES (1919)

School sponsorship of religious activities violates the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment.

• ENGEL V. VITALE (1962)

• NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES (1971)

• WISCONSIN V. YODER (1972)

• MCDONALD V. CHICAGO (2010)

In this case, the Sixth Amendment’s right to an attorney extends procedural due process protections to felony defendants in state courts.

• GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT (1963)

• SHAW V. RENO (1993)

• UNITED STATES V. LOPEZ (1995)

• MCDONALD V. CHICAGO (2010)

A prohibition against public school students wearing black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War violated the students’ freedom of speech protections in the First Amendment.

• TINKER V. DES MOINES INDEPENDENT COMMUNITY SCHOOL DISTRICT (1969)

• UNITED STATES V. LOPEZ (1995)

• MCCULLOCH V. MARYLAND (1819)

• ENGEL V. VITALE (1962)

This case bolstered the freedom of the press protections of the First Amendment, establishing a “heavy presumption against prior restraint” even in cases involving national security.

• NEW YORK TIMES CO. V. UNITED STATES (1971)

• WISCONSIN V. YODER (1972)

• CITIZENS UNITED V. FEDERAL ELECTION COMMISSION (2010)

• GIDEON V. WAINWRIGHT (1963)

Compelling Amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violates the Free Exercise Clause of the First Amendment.

• WISCONSIN V. YODER (1972)

• ENGEL V. VITALE (1962)

• SCHENCK V. UNITED STATES (1919)

• SHAW V. RENO (1993)