Quiz about The Nature of Probability and Statistics (Vocab)

Question 1

What is a cluster sample?

Accepted Answer

A sample obtained by selecting a preexisting or natural group, called a cluster, and using the members in the cluster for the sample.

Answer

A sample that includes every member of the population.

Answer

A sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Answer

A sample that is chosen based on the convenience of the researcher.

Question 2

What is a confounding variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable that influences the outcome variable but cannot be separated from the other variables that influence the outcome variable.

Answer

A variable that is being manipulated by the researcher to see if it affects the outcome variable.

Answer

A variable that can assume all values between any two specific values.

Answer

A variable that assumes values that can be counted.

Question 3

What does a continuous variable refer to?

Accepted Answer

A variable that can assume all values between any two specific values.

Answer

A variable that can only take on a finite number of values.

Answer

A variable that is not influenced by other variables in an experiment.

Answer

A variable that is used to divide a sample into clusters.

Question 4

What is the role of a control group in an experimental study?

Accepted Answer

To not receive any special treatment and serve as a baseline for comparison.

Answer

To receive the special treatment in the experiment.

Answer

To be used because they are convenient and available.

Answer

To be manipulated by the researcher to see its effect on the outcome variable.

Question 5

What is a convenience sample?

Accepted Answer

A sample of subjects used because they are convenient and available.

Answer

A sample that includes every member of the population.

Answer

A sample obtained by selecting a preexisting or natural group, called a cluster.

Answer

A sample where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Question 6

What is a data set?

Accepted Answer

A collection of data values.

Answer

A single measurement or observation for a variable.

Answer

A method of organizing and summarizing data.

Answer

A variable that can be controlled or manipulated in an experiment.

Question 7

What is a dependent variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable in correlation and regression analysis that cannot be controlled or manipulated.

Answer

A variable that is not influenced by other variables in an experiment.

Answer

A variable that the researcher manipulates in an experiment.

Answer

A variable that can assume all values between any two specific values.

Question 8

What are descriptive statistics?

Accepted Answer

A branch of statistics that consists of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data.

Answer

The application of mathematics to statistical problems.

Answer

The collection of data values.

Answer

A variable that assumes values that can be counted.

Question 9

What is a discrete variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable that assumes values that can be counted.

Answer

A variable that can assume all values between any two specific values.

Answer

A variable that influences the outcome variable but cannot be separated from other variables.

Answer

A variable that is used to divide a sample into clusters.

Question 10

What is an experimental study?

Accepted Answer

A study in which the researcher manipulates one of the variables and tries to determine how the manipulation influences other variables.

Answer

A study in which the researcher observes the variables without manipulation.

Answer

A study that uses a convenience sample for data collection.

Answer

A study that collects data without any specific treatment given to subjects.

Question 11

What is an explanatory variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable that is being manipulated by the researcher to see if it affects the outcome variable.

Answer

A variable that is influenced by the manipulation in an experimental study.

Answer

A variable that can assume all values between any two specific values.

Answer

A variable that is used to divide a sample into clusters.

Question 12

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Accepted Answer

An effect on an outcome variable caused by the fact that subjects of the study know that they are participating in the study

Answer

A statistical method for hypothesis testing

Answer

A variable that can be manipulated in an experiment

Answer

A measurement level that ranks data

Question 13

What is Hypothesis Testing?

Accepted Answer

A decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population

Answer

A type of measurement scale

Answer

A variable in correlation and regression analysis

Answer

A branch of statistics that deals with the collection of data

Question 14

What is an Independent Variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable in correlation and regression analysis that can be controlled or manipulated

Answer

A variable that is studied to see if it has changed significantly

Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into categories that can be ranked

Answer

The totality of all subjects possessing certain common characteristics

Question 15

What does Inferential Statistics involve?

Accepted Answer

Generalizing from samples to populations, performing hypothesis testing, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions

Answer

Classifying data into mutually exclusive categories

Answer

Observing what is happening or what has happened in the past

Answer

Studying a variable to see if it has changed significantly

Question 16

What is the Interval Level of Measurement?

Accepted Answer

A measurement level that ranks data and in which precise differences between units of measure exist

Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into mutually exclusive categories

Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into categories that can be ranked, but precise differences between the ranks do not exist

Answer

The totality of all subjects possessing certain common characteristics

Question 17

Which of the following best describes Measurement Scales?

Accepted Answer

A type of classification that tells how variables are categorized, counted, or measured

Answer

A decision-making process for evaluating claims about a population

Answer

A variable in correlation and regression analysis that can be controlled or manipulated

Answer

A branch of statistics that deals with the collection of data

Question 18

What is the Nominal Level of Measurement?

Accepted Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into mutually exclusive (non-overlapping) exhaustive categories in which no order or ranking can be imposed on them

Answer

A measurement level that ranks data and in which precise differences between units of measure exist

Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into categories that can be ranked, but precise differences between the ranks do not exist

Answer

The totality of all subjects possessing certain common characteristics

Question 19

What is an Observational Study?

Accepted Answer

A study in which the researcher merely observes what is happening or what has happened in the past and draws conclusions based on these observations

Answer

A study that involves hypothesis testing and determining relationships among variables

Answer

A study that ranks data and measures precise differences between units of measure

Answer

A study that classifies data into mutually exclusive categories

Question 20

What characterizes the Ordinal Level of Measurement?

Accepted Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into categories that can be ranked; however, precise differences between the ranks do not exist

Answer

A measurement level that ranks data and in which precise differences between units of measure exist

Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into mutually exclusive categories

Answer

A variable that is studied to see if it has changed significantly

Question 21

What is an Outcome Variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable that is studied to see if it has changed significantly due to the manipulation of the explanatory variable

Answer

A variable in correlation and regression analysis that can be controlled or manipulated

Answer

A measurement level that classifies data into categories that can be ranked

Answer

The totality of all subjects possessing certain common characteristics

Question 22

What is the definition of Population in the context of this study material?

Accepted Answer

The totality of all subjects possessing certain common characteristics that are being studied

Answer

A variable that can be controlled or manipulated in an experiment

Answer

A measurement level that ranks data

Answer

A type of classification that tells how variables are categorized

Question 23

What is the definition of Probability according to the learning material?

Accepted Answer

The chance of an event occurring.

Answer

A variable whose values are determined by chance.

Answer

The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.

Answer

A group in an experimental study that has received some type of treatment.

Question 24

Qualitative Variables are defined as variables that:

Accepted Answer

Can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute.

Answer

Are numerical in nature and can be ordered or ranked.

Answer

Are obtained by using random or chance methods.

Answer

Have true ratios between different units of measure.

Question 25

What distinguishes a Quantitative Variable?

Accepted Answer

It is a variable that are numerical in nature and that can be ordered or ranked.

Answer

It is a sample obtained by using random or chance methods.

Answer

It is a variable whose values are determined by chance.

Answer

It is a group of subjects selected from the population.

Question 26

A Quasi-experimental Study is characterized by:

Accepted Answer

Using intact groups rather than random assignment of subjects to groups.

Answer

A sample obtained by using random or chance methods.

Answer

A variable whose values are determined by chance.

Answer

Dividing the population into subgroups and selecting members from each stratum.

Question 27

What is a Random Sample?

Accepted Answer

A sample obtained by using random or chance methods; a sample for which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Answer

A group of subjects selected from the population.

Answer

A sample obtained by dividing the population into subgroups.

Answer

A sample obtained by numbering each element in the population and then selecting every kth number from the population to be included in the sample.

Question 28

Which of the following best defines a Random Variable?

Accepted Answer

A variable whose values are determined by chance.

Answer

A group of subjects selected from the population.

Answer

A sample obtained by using random or chance methods.

Answer

A variable that can be placed into distinct categories.

Question 29

What is the Ratio Level of Measurement?

Accepted Answer

A measurement level that possesses all the characteristics of interval measurement and a true zero; it also has true ratios between different units of measure.

Answer

A variable that can be placed into distinct categories, according to some characteristic or attribute.

Answer

A sample obtained by using random or chance methods.

Answer

The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.

Question 30

What is the definition of Statistics?

Accepted Answer

The science of conducting studies to collect, organize, summarize, analyze, and draw conclusions from data.

Answer

A variable whose values are determined by chance.

Answer

The chance of an event occurring.

Answer

A group in an experimental study that has received some type of treatment.

Question 31

How is a Stratified Sample obtained?

Accepted Answer

By dividing the population into subgroups, called strata, according to various homogeneous characteristics and then selecting members from each stratum.

Answer

By numbering each element in the population and then selecting every kth number from the population to be included in the sample.

Answer

By using random or chance methods; a sample for which every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

Answer

By selecting a group of subjects from the population.

Question 32

What is a Systematic Sample?

Accepted Answer

A sample obtained by numbering each element in the population and then selecting every kth number from the population to be included in the sample.

Answer

A sample obtained by using random or chance methods.

Answer

A group of subjects selected from the population.

Answer

A group in an experimental study that has received some type of treatment.

Question 33

What defines a Treatment Group in an experimental study?

Accepted Answer

A group in an experimental study that has received some type of treatment.

Answer

A variable whose values are determined by chance.

Answer

A sample obtained by using random or chance methods.

Answer

A group of subjects selected from the population.

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