Basic Cognitive Processes

What are the three stages of memory processes?

• Active memory, passive memory, dormant memory

• Visual memory, auditory memory, olfactory memory

• Sensory memory, short-term memory, long-term memory

• Immediate memory, recent memory, distant memory

Explain the difference between short-term memory and long-term memory.

• Short-term memory is temporary and can hold a limited amount of information, while long-term memory is more permanent and has a larger capacity.

• Short-term memory is for remembering events from childhood, while long-term memory is for recent events.

• Short-term memory is for remembering long lists of information, while long-term memory is for short lists.

• Short-term memory is permanent and has a large capacity, while long-term memory is temporary and has a limited capacity.

What are the different problem-solving strategies?

• Guessing and checking

• Copying others' solutions

• Trial and error, algorithmic methods, heuristics, and insight

• Following instructions

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Give an example of using the trial and error problem-solving strategy.

• Reading a book to find the answer

• Asking for help from a friend

• Using a calculator to solve a math problem

• Attempting to solve a puzzle by trying different combinations of moves until the correct one is found.

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What is the difference between rational and intuitive decision-making processes?

• Rational decision-making is based on emotions, while intuitive decision-making relies on evidence and facts.

• Rational decision-making is slow and inefficient, while intuitive decision-making is quick and effective.

• Rational decision-making is based on logic and reasoning, while intuitive decision-making relies on gut feelings and instincts.

• Rational decision-making is based on luck, while intuitive decision-making relies on research and analysis.

Explain the concept of bounded rationality in decision-making.

• When making decisions, individuals are limited by their own emotional state and personal biases.

• Bounded rationality means making decisions based on random chance and luck.

• In bounded rationality, individuals have unlimited access to all information and resources.

• When making decisions, individuals are limited by their own cognitive abilities, available information, and time constraints.

How does the availability heuristic influence decision-making?

• By causing individuals to rely on information that is readily available in their memory

• By promoting logical and rational thinking

• By minimizing the impact of personal experiences on decision-making

• By encouraging individuals to carefully consider all available options

What is the role of emotions in decision-making processes?

• Emotions have no impact on decision-making

• Emotions only affect physical reactions, not decision-making

• Emotions are completely separate from decision-making

• Emotions influence perceptions, preferences, and choices.

Discuss the concept of satisficing in decision-making.

• Ignoring the minimum criteria and aiming for the best outcome

• Choosing the most optimal solution

• Accepting the first option that meets the minimum criteria

• Considering all available options before making a decision

How can cognitive biases impact problem-solving and decision-making processes?

• By increasing the likelihood of making rational choices

• By improving problem-solving skills and decision-making abilities

• By reducing the impact of emotions on decision-making

• By leading individuals to overlook important information or make irrational choices.