MYP/AP Unit 1 Review/Vocab

Bedouin

• Chinese ships equipped with watertight bulkheads, stern-post rudders, compasses, and bamboo fenders; dominant force in Asian seas east of the Malayan peninsula

• Song Dynasty is often known as the Chinese Renaissance, because of its similarities to the European renaissance for making progress in technology and inventions, the upcoming of new philosophical interpretations of the old texts meant a renewal of the old and the creation of new streaming

• nomadic pastoralists of the Arabian peninsula with a culture based on herding camels and goats

• town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar

Answer explanation

The correct answer describes Bedouins as nomadic pastoralists from the Arabian peninsula, known for herding camels and goats, which accurately reflects their traditional lifestyle and culture.

Mecca

• invasions of western Christians into Muslim lands, especially Palestine; captured Jerusalem and established Christian kingdoms enduring until 1291

• Arabian commercial center; dominated by the Quraysh; the home of Muhammad and the future center of Islam

• grandson of Chinggis Khan; conquered China; established Yuan dynasty in 1271

• cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

Answer explanation

Mecca is an Arabian commercial center, historically dominated by the Quraysh tribe. It is significant as the birthplace of Muhammad and the future center of Islam, making it the correct choice.

Medina

• town northeast of Mecca; asked Muhammad to resolve its intergroup differences; Muhammad's flight to Medina, the hijra, in 622 began the Muslim calendar

• followers of Ali's interpretation of Islam

• bodies representing privileged groups; institutionalized the principle that kings ruled with the advice and consent of their subjects

• Islamic holy war

Answer explanation

The correct choice describes Medina as a town northeast of Mecca, where Muhammad was invited to mediate conflicts. His migration, the hijra, in 622 marks the start of the Muslim calendar.

Umayyad

• Following the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs; an Islamic dynasty

• "traditions" of the prophet Muhammad; added to the Qur'an, form the essential writings of Islam

• tributary gift from Vietnam to China, led to population increase

• cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

Answer explanation

The Umayyad dynasty followed the 4 Rightly Guided Caliphs and marked a significant period in Islamic history, expanding the empire and establishing a hereditary rule.

Muhammad

• practice of dividing land into thirds, rotating between two different crops and pasturage-- an improvement making use of manure

• merchant communities that introduced their own cultures into other areas

• one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c

• (570-632); prophet of Allah, founder of Islam

Answer explanation

The correct answer identifies Muhammad as the prophet of Allah and the founder of Islam, which aligns with historical accounts of his life from 570 to 632 CE.

Qur'an

• one of four regional subdivisions of the Mongol Empire after death of Chinggis Khan; conquered and ruled Russua during the 13th and 14th c

• the word of god as revealed through Muhammad; made into the holy book of Islam

• nomadic invaders from central Asia; staunch Sunnis; ruled from the 11th c. in the name of the Abbasids

• the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community

Answer explanation

The Qur'an is the holy book of Islam, containing the word of God as revealed to Muhammad. This distinguishes it from other historical terms related to the Mongol Empire or Islamic leadership.

Umma

• community of the faithful within Islam

• judging foreigners by the standards of one's own group; leads to problems in interpreting world history

• (570-632); prophet of Allah, founder of Islam

• Indian numerical notation brought by the Arabs to the West

Answer explanation

The term 'Umma' refers to the community of the faithful within Islam, emphasizing the collective identity and unity of Muslims as a religious community.

Five Pillars

• trade center of Mali, cosmopolitan city that saw the blending of many different cultures and people

• the obligatory religious duties for all Muslims; confession of faith, prayer, fasting during Ramadan, zakat, and hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca)

• an organization of north German and Scandinavian cities for the purpose of establishing a commercial alliance

• trading empire based on the Malacca straits; its Buddhist government resisted Muslim missionaries; when it fell, southeastern Asia was opened to Islam

Answer explanation

The correct answer refers to the Five Pillars of Islam, which are the essential acts of worship and practice for Muslims, including faith, prayer, fasting, charity, and pilgrimage to Mecca.

Caliph

• personal relationship during the Middle Ages by which greater lords provided land to lesser lords in return for military service

• replaced Mongal Yuan dynasty in China in 1368; lasted until 1644; initially mounted large trade expeditions to southern Asia and Africa; later concentrated on internal development within China

• the successor to Muhammad as head of the Islamic community

• cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

Answer explanation

The term 'Caliph' refers to the successor to Muhammad as the head of the Islamic community, making it the correct choice among the options provided.

Ali

• regional warrior leaders in Japan; ruled small kingdoms from fortresses; administered the law, supervised public works projects, and collected revenues; built up private armies

• cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad; one of the orthodox caliphs; focus for the development of shi'ism

• smaller surviving dynasty (1127-1279); presided over one of the greatest cultural reigns in world history. Fell to the Mongols in 1276 and eventually taken over in 1279.

• invaded England from Normandy in 1066; established tight feudal system and centralized monarchy in England

Answer explanation

The correct choice describes Ali as the cousin and son-in-law of Muhammad, highlighting his role as one of the orthodox caliphs and a central figure in the development of shi'ism, which is historically significant.