BIO 112 Chapter 8

What is the most common form of kinetic energy that is released from chemical energy in chemical reactions?

• Sound

• Electromagnetic radiation

• Electricity

• Light

• Thermal

When chemical, transport, or mechanical work is done by an organism, what happens to the heat generated?

• It is used to power yet more cellular work.

• It is used to store energy as more ATP.

• It is used to generate ADP from nucleotide precursors.

• It is lost to the environment.

• It is transported to specific organs such as the brain.

Which of the following is a statement of the first law of thermodynamics?

• Energy cannot be created or destroyed.

• The entropy of the universe is decreasing.

• The entropy of the universe is constant.

• Kinetic energy is stored energy that results from the specific arrangement of matter.

• Energy cannot be transferred or transformed.

For living organisms, which of the following is an important consequence of the first law of thermodynamics?

• The energy content of an organism is constant.

• The organism ultimately must obtain all of the necessary energy for life from its environment.

• The entropy of an organism decreases with time as the organism grows in complexity.

• Organisms grow by converting energy into organic matter.

• Life does not obey the first law of thermodynamics.

Living organisms increase in complexity as they grow, resulting in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. How does this relate to the second law of thermodynamics?

• Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics, which states that entropy must increase with time.

• Life obeys the second law of thermodynamics because the decrease in entropy as the organism grows is exactly balanced by an increase in the entropy of the universe.

• Living organisms do not follow the laws of thermodynamics.

• As a consequence of growing, organisms cause a greater increase in entropy in their environment than the decrease in entropy associated with their growth.

• Living organisms are able to transform energy into entropy.

Whenever energy is transformed, there is always an increase in the ________.

• free energy of the system

• free energy of the universe

• entropy of the system

• entropy of the universe

• enthalpy of the universe

Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?

• If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.

• If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe.

• Every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment.

• Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.

• Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.

Which of the following statements is representative of the second law of thermodynamics?

• Conversion of energy from one form to another is always accompanied by some gain of free energy.

• Heat represents a form of energy that can be used by most organisms to do work.

• Without an input of energy, organisms would tend toward decreasing entropy.

• Cells require a constant input of energy to maintain their high level of organization.

• Every energy transformation by a cell decreases the entropy of the universe.

Which of the following is an example of potential rather than kinetic energy?

• The muscle contractions of a person mowing grass

• Water rushing over Niagara Falls

• Light flashes emitted by a firefly

• A molecule of glucose

• A crawling beetle foraging for food

The mathematical expression for the change in free energy of a system is ΔG =ΔH – TΔS. Which of the following is correct?

• ΔS is the change in enthalpy, a measure of randomness.

• ΔH is the change in enthalpy, the energy available to do work.

• ΔG is the change in free energy.

• T is the temperature in degrees Celsius.