According to the article, students' academic competence initially develops from which sources?

• Self-efficacy and self-regulation

• Observational, imitative, self-controlled, and self-regulated sources

• Cognitive modeling and mastery experiences

• Socializing agents and cognitive development

What is the focus of the article?

• The effects of cognitive modeling on academic performance

• The social origins of students' development of self-regulatory skill

• The role of self-efficacy in cognitive development

• The process of organizing and rehearsing academic strategies

Which concept is closely linked with the theoretical perspective that the article presents?

• Cognitive development

• Observational learning

• Mastery experiences

• Socializing agents

What is self-regulation in the context of this article?

• The ability to adapt to school requirements

• Processes that activate and sustain goal-directed behaviors

• The development of social skills

• The acquisition of concepts, attitudes, and standards

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a factor that affects self-regulation?

• Socialization influences

• Observational learning

• Self-efficacy beliefs

• Innate intelligence

According to Bandura's social cognitive theory, what are the three major levels (subprocesses) that the self-regulation process comprises?

• Self-observation, self-judgment, and self-reaction

• Self-efficacy, self-assessment, and self-awareness

• Self-control, self-motivation, and self-evaluation

• Self-learning, self-discipline, and self-guidance

What does self-efficacy affect according to the research shown in the text?

• The amount of effort, persistence, and resilience in the face of obstacles

• The ability to memorize information more quickly

• The capacity to work well in group settings

• The skill to perform well in standardized tests

What is the effect of self-observation on students with academic problems, as mentioned in the text?

• It helps them to improve their study habits and time management

• It decreases their motivation to study

• It increases their dependency on external rewards

• It has no significant impact on their academic performance

What is the role of self-judgment in the context of Bandura's theory?

• It involves making evaluative responses to judgments of one's performance

• It is about the ability to observe one's actions objectively

• It refers to the reaction after evaluating one's performance

• It is the process of setting goals for oneself

According to the text, what can enhance the motivation to use more effective strategies?

• Believing that one is making acceptable progress towards a goal

• Having a natural talent for the task at hand

• Receiving external rewards for completing tasks

• Avoiding challenging tasks to maintain a high success rate