Spine disorders

What is a common etiology of a herniated disc?

• Infectious disease

• Degenerative disc disease or recurrent trauma

• Bone fracture

• Tumor

Which spinal levels are most often affected by herniated discs?

• C1/C2 and C2/C3

• T6/T7 and T7/T8

• L4/L5 and L5/S1

• S1/S2 and S2/S3

In a central herniation at the L5/S1 disc, which nerve root is more likely to be compressed?

• L4

• L5

• S1

• S2

In a lateral herniation at the L5/S1 disc, which nerve root is more likely to be compressed?

• L4

• L5

• S1

• S2

Which spinal nerve root is associated with sensory loss to the medial ankle?

• L5

• S1

• L4

• C2

What type of weakness is associated with the L5 spinal nerve root?

• Knee extension weakness

• Plantar flexion weakness

• Big toe dorsiflexion and difficulty walking on heels

• Hip flexion weakness

What is a common sensory symptom of an S1 spinal nerve root lesion?

• Sensory loss to the lateral thigh

• Sensory loss to the medial ankle

• Sensory loss to the plantar surface of the foot

• Sensory loss to the dorsal surface of the foot

What is considered the gold standard for diagnosing a herniated disc?

• X-ray

• CT scan

• MRI

• Ultrasound

What is the most common cause of spinal stenosis?

• Space occupying lesion

• Skeletal disease

• Spondylosis

• Trauma

Which movement makes the pain from spinal stenosis worse?

• Back flexion

• Lateral bending

• Back extension

• Neck rotation