Benchmark Review

How does the code in DNA and RNA transfer into the structure of proteins?

• Each 3-letter nucleotide code in DNA is transcribed into a similar 3 letter nucleotide code in RNA and then translated 3 nucleotides at a time into a string of amino acids which make up the structure of proteins.

• Each 4-letter nucleotide code in DNA is transcribed into a similar 4 letter nucleotide code in RNA and then translated 4 nucleotides at a time into a string of amino acids which make up the structure of proteins.

• Each 3-letter nucleotide code in RNA is transcribed into a similar 3 letter nucleotide code in DNA and then translated 3 nucleotides at a time into a string of amino acids which make up the structure of proteins.

• Each 4-letter nucleotide code in RNA is transcribed into a similar 4 letter nucleotide code in DNA and then translated 4 nucleotides at a time into a string of amino acids which make up the structure of proteins.

Which of the following types of RNA needs to have an amino acid attachment site?

• mRNA

• rRNA

• tRNA

• miRNA

What is the first step of DNA replication?

• Nucleotide bases pair with each other, adenine with thymine, and guanine with cytosine.

• Nucleotide bases in the strands are joined together by DNA polymerase.

• The DNA unwinds into two separate strands.

• The DNA is equally divided to each daughter cell.

Which of the following sequences of DNA and tRNA could be involved in the transfer of the amino acid Lysine in the process of translation, and how can you tell? (Refer to your codon chart).

• DNA sequence AAA, because this DNA codes for Lysine (Lys); and tRNA sequence UUU, because the tRNA is complementary to the mRNA that codes for Lysine (Lys).

• DNA sequence TTT, because this DNA codes for Lysine (Lys); and tRNA sequence AAA, because the tRNA is complementary to the mRNA that codes for Lysine (Lys).

• DNA sequence TTG, because this DNA codes for Lysine (Lys); and tRNA sequence AAU, because the tRNA is complementary to the mRNA that codes for Lysine (Lys).

• DNA sequence TTC, because this DNA codes for Lysine (Lys); and tRNA sequence UUC, because the tRNA is complementary to the mRNA that codes for Lysine (Lys).

Which TWO statements are TRUE regarding the structures shown in the diagram and how they interact to express information in the cell?

• Molecules A and B are self-replicating.

• Molecule B can be used to produce molecule A.

• Molecule A can be used to produce molecule C.

• Molecules A and C interact in the process of translation.

• Molecules B and C interact so that amino acids can be joined together.

Which is the BEST definition for nondisjunction?

• the failure of sister chromatids to separate only during meiosis II, resulting in gametes with an abnormal number of chromosomes

• the failure of sister chromatids to separate only during mitosis, resulting in daughter cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes

• the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate only during meiosis I, resulting in cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes

• the failure of homologous chromosomes or sister chromatids to separate only during mitosis or meiosis, resulting in cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes

Sickle cell anemia is a recessively inherited blood disease that results from one nucleotide being switched in the hemoglobin gene. What type of mutation causes sickle cell anemia?

• substitution mutation

• insertion mutation

• deletion mutation

• silent mutation

How does this diagram support the scientist's discovery? The diagram illustrates what can happen during prophase I of meiosis. When studying fruit flies, a scientist discovered that certain linked traits would occur unlinked in the offspring.

• Mutations can occur in prophase I of meiosis that result in new genetic combinations that are carried into the next generation.

• Sister chromatids exchange fragments of DNA through crossing over which make new combinations of DNA that are inheritable by the next generation.

• Homologous chromosomes pairs from each parent may cross over, resulting in new segments of DNA on chromosomes that carry traits to the next generation.

• When homologous chromosomes pair up in prophase I of meiosis, non-sister chromatids may exchange fragments of DNA to make new genetic combinations that are inheritable.

A student claims that cancers caused by exposure to carcinogens are heritable because having a family member with cancer increases the chances of developing cancer yourself. Which statement provides the BEST peer feedback for the claims developed by the student?

• The claim does not need revision because all cancers are heritable.

• The claim needs revision because cancers due to carcinogen exposure are not heritable.

• The claim needs revision because only cancers that cause mutations in gametes are heritable.

• The claim does not need revision because exposure to carcinogens increases the odds of developing cancer.

Which question would indicate that scientists and law enforcement may be using the DNA samples unethically?

• Can the DNA samples be used to frame an individual or suspect?

• Can the DNA samples be used to determine if two people are genetically related?

• Can the DNA samples be used to determine if a particular person was present at a crime scene?

• Can the DNA samples be used to determine if a suspected criminal is genetically related to the person to whom the DNA belongs?