EPPP Quiz 3 (3/20)

You have been seeing Ramona in therapy for four weeks and, at the beginning of her current session, she tells you her ex-boyfriend is threatening to physically harm you because he blames you for her unwillingness to get back together with him. You know from what Ramona has told you about her ex-boyfriend that he has a history of violent behavior and that you should take his threat seriously. To be consistent with ethical requirements, you:

• should continue seeing Ramona in therapy but contact the police about her ex-boyfriend’s threat

•  should continue seeing Ramona in therapy and suggest that she bring her ex-boyfriend with her to the next therapy session

• may terminate therapy with Ramona but only after providing her with pretermination counseling and a referral to another therapist

• may terminate therapy with Ramona with or without providing her with pretermination counseling and a referral

Answer explanation

This situation is addressed in Standard 10.10 of the Ethics Code and the Values Statement for Principle II of the Canadian Code of Ethics. Standard 10.10(b) states that psychologists may terminate therapy with clients when they’re “threatened or otherwise endangered by the client/patient or another person with whom the client/patient has a relationship.” And Standard 10.10(c) states that, “except where precluded by the actions of clients/patients or third-party payors, prior to termination psychologists provide pretermination counseling and suggest alternative service providers as appropriate.” As noted by C. B. Fisher, Standard 10.10(c) applies when a psychologist terminates therapy with a client because he/she is endangered by the client or someone involved in a relationship with the client

According to Helms’s (1993) White racial identity development model, a person in the __________ stage has little awareness of racial/cultural issues and has adopted a race- or culture-neutral perspective.

• conformity

• pre-encounter

• pseudo-independence

• contact

Answer explanation

Helms’s White racial identity development model distinguishes between six stages (statuses). In order, these are contact, disintegration, reintegration, pseudo-independence, immersion-emersion, and autonomy. According to this model, people in the initial contact stage have little awareness of racial or cultural issues, are satisfied with the racial status quo, and have adopted a race- or culture-neutral perspective.

The Kuder Occupational Interest Survey (KOIS) includes all of the following except:

• Personal Styles Scales

• Occupational Scales

• College Major Scales

• Vocational Interest Estimates

Answer explanation

The KOIS includes Occupational Scales, College Major Scales, and Vocational Interest Estimates. The Strong Interest Inventory (SII) includes the Personal Styles Scales.

Research on which of the following has found that retrieval memory is optimal when conditions are the same at the time of learning and the time of retrieval?

• levels of processing

• encoding specificity

•  elaborative rehearsal

• practice testing

Answer explanation

According to the encoding specificity hypothesis, retrieval from long-term memory is maximized when the conditions at the time of learning (encoding) new information are the same as the conditions when the information must be recalled. The conditions can be external circumstances (e.g., the same room) or internal states (the same mood).

Hamilton and Gifford (1976) concluded that the tendency to overestimate the extent to which members of some minority groups have certain undesirable traits is due to the fact that minority group status and the undesirable traits are distinctive and relatively rare phenomena. They also used which of the following to explain this tendency?

• base rate fallacy

• false consensus effect

• illusory correlation

• confirmation bias

Answer explanation

An illusory correlation occurs when people overestimate the relationship between two variables that are unrelated or only slightly related (e.g., between group membership and certain undesirable traits). Hamilton and Gifford propose that the illusory correlation occurs because people tend to pay more attention to rare and distinctive information and that this helps explain the formation and acceptance of stereotypes of members of minority groups.

Of the following, ____________ conditioning produces the fastest acquisition of a conditioned response.

• backward

• trace

• delay

• simultaneous

Answer explanation

Delay conditioning is a type of forward conditioning in which presentation of the conditioned stimulus precedes and overlaps presentation of the unconditioned stimulus. Of the methods for presenting the conditioned and unconditioned stimuli, delay conditioning produces the fastest acquisition of the conditioned response.

A child explores the use of a ball by using it to push a small toy away from him and dropping the ball from different heights to see what happens. This behavior is characteristic of which substage of Piaget’s sensorimotor stage?

•  primary circular reactions

• secondary circular reactions

• coordination of secondary circular reactions

• tertiary circular reactions

Answer explanation

Piaget described the sensorimotor stage as consisting of six substages: reflexive reactions, primary circular reactions, secondary circular reactions, coordination of secondary circular reactions, tertiary reactions, and internalization of schemas. Tertiary circular reactions emerge between 12 and 18 months of age and involve exploring the properties of an object by, for example, using it to move another object and seeing what happens to it when it’s dropped from different heights.

A stroke involving the middle cerebral artery that affects a patient’s non-dominant hemisphere is most likely to produce which of the following symptoms?

• contralateral hemiparesis, mutism, apathy, confusion, and impaired judgment

• contralateral homonymous hemianopia, unilateral cortical blindness, visual agnosia, and memory loss

• contralateral hemiparesis, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, dysarthria, and aphasia

• contralateral hemiparesis, contralateral homonymous hemianopia, apraxia, and sensory neglect

Answer explanation

The symptoms listed in this answer (D) are caused by a stroke that involves the middle cerebral artery and affects the non-dominant hemisphere. The symptoms listed in answer C are caused by a stroke that involves the middle cerebral artery and affects the dominant hemisphere; the symptoms listed in answer A are caused by a stroke involving the anterior cerebral artery; and the symptoms listed in answer B are caused by a stroke involving the posterior cerebral artery.