Hierarchy of Evidence

According to the "Hierarchy of Evidence" pyramid, which type of evidence is considered to have the highest quality?

• Expert Opinion / Background Information

• Case Report

• Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT)

• Systematic Review

Which type of evidence is at the base of the "Hierarchy of Evidence" pyramid, indicating it is considered promising but has the lowest quality in this context?

• Expert Opinion / Background Information

• Case Report

• Cohort Study

• Meta Analysis

What level of evidence is a "Cohort Study" considered to be in the "Hierarchy of Evidence" pyramid?

• Well-Supported

• Supported

• Promising

• Not included in the hierarchy

What is a Systematic Review?

• A review of statistical methods in research

• A review of a clearly formulated question that uses systematic and explicit methods to identify, select, and critically appraise relevant research

• A summary of different studies without a clear question

• A method to conduct new experimental research

What does a Meta-Analysis involve?

• Summarizing the results of a single study

• Using statistical techniques to pool effect sizes from several studies with similar independent and dependent variables

• Reviewing literature without statistical techniques

• Conducting new experiments to gather data

What is a Randomized Controlled Trial?

• A study where subjects are given clinical treatment based on their choice.

• An observational study without any control condition.

• An experimental study in which a clinical treatment is compared with a control condition, where subjects are randomly assigned to groups.

• A trial where subjects are selected based on specific criteria and not randomly.

What is the characteristic of a Level 3: Non-randomized study?

• The evaluator is not aware of the groups to which participants are being assigned

• The study is set up differently from previous studies

• The evaluator is aware of the groups to which the participants are being assigned

• Participants are assigned to groups randomly

What is a cohort study?

• A qualitative research design used to study an intervention in the client’s social context.

• An experimental study in which a specific group is given a particular treatment to determine outcomes.

• An observational study in which a specific group is followed over time.

• A statistical analysis of various risk factors without following a specific group.

What is the main characteristic of subjects in a cohort study?

• Subjects are given a placebo to determine the psychological effect on outcomes.

• Subjects are classified according to whether they do or do not have a particular risk factor or exposure and followed to determine outcomes.

• Subjects are randomly assigned to different groups to compare outcomes.

• Subjects are observed without any classification or follow-up.

What type of research design are case studies?

• Quantitative research design used to study the statistical significance of data.

• Observational study design used to follow a specific group over time.

• Qualitative research design used to study an intervention in the client’s social context.

• Experimental research design used to manipulate variables and measure effects.