Earth Space Science Review 2

What is the geosphere and how does it interact with the hydrosphere?

• The geosphere is the liquid part of the Earth, and it interacts with the hydrosphere through earthquakes.

• The geosphere is the gaseous part of the Earth and it interacts with the hydrosphere through volcanic eruptions.

• The geosphere is the atmospheric part of the Earth and it interacts with the hydrosphere through tectonic plate movement.

• The geosphere is the solid part of the Earth and it interacts with the hydrosphere through processes such as erosion and weathering.

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The following diagram shows the energy transfer processes that happen above the ocean.

Which step of the diagram involves conduction?

• Step 1

• Step 2

• Step 3

• Step 4

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Which of the following best explains the role of the Sun in driving ocean currents and wind patterns?SC

• The Sun plays a role in driving wind patterns but not ocean currents.

• 1. The Sun's gravity causes the Earth to rotate, creating wind patterns and ocean currents.

• 1. The Sun’s cycling of water on Earth causes the ocean currents but plays no role in the wind patterns.  

• 1. The Sun's uneven heating of the Earth's surface causes the formation of wind patterns and ocean currents.

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Daniel asked his friend Cesar to

quiz him about the rock cycle while studying for his Earth Science class. Cesar presented Daniel with the following scenario. 

“Imagine that a large sedimentary rock gets moved deeper into Earth’s crust through tectonic plate movement. Their rising temperatures and high pressure change the rock. Eventually, the rock melts from the high temperatures and pressure. After some time in those conditions, there is a cooling time.”

Cesar asked Daniel to predict what kind of rock would be at the end of all these steps. What should Daniel predict?

• Metamorphic rock
• Sedimentary rock
• Magma

• Igneous rock

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Gopher tortoises live on dry land. They live in large holes that they dig in the soil.

How does the behavior of the gopher tortoise cause physical weathering?

• 1. It causes the rocks to break into smaller pieces as the tortoise digs.

• It loosens the soil, allowing more water to reach the rocks underground.

• It moves rocks above ground, where they are exposed to more water and wind.

• It erodes the soil by moving it from underneath the ground to above the ground.

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The picture below shows the rock layers in one part of the Grand Canyon.

Based on the law of superposition, what is the order of these rock layers, from oldest to youngest?

• 1 - 2 - 3 - 4

• 3 - 4 - 1 - 2

• 4 - 3 - 2 - 1

• 2 - 1 - 4 - 3

Answer explanation

Law of Superposition - Sediment layers are formed in order of formation so that the layer at the bottom is oldest and the top layer is youngest.

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Scientists have evidence that the Earth has gone through several "ice ages" in which most of the Earth's surface was covered by thick sheets of ice.

Which of the following would support the existence of these ice ages?

• a lack of the fossils of any living organisms

• an absence of human remains or civilizations

• the extinction of plant life in the fossil record

• finding fossils of cold-adapted organisms in warm climates

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The figure below shows what scientists think is happening in Earth’s mantle.

What process does the figure show occurring in the mantle?

• Hot rock becomes less dense and moves towards the outer core.

• 1. Hot rock becomes more dense and moves towards the lithosphere.

• Hot rock expands, becomes less dense, and rises toward the surface of Earth.

• Hot rock expands, becomes more dense, and rises toward the surface of Earth.

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In 2003, the number of earthquakes that occurred was higher than usual. The map below shows the locations of some of these earthquakes.

Why do the dots on the map tend to form a long, curving line in the western part of the Pacific Ocean?

• This part of the ocean has a high rate of hurricanes and typhoons.

• That part of the ocean is directly above the boundaries between tectonic plates.

• There is pressure on the seafloor due to the weight of water in the Pacific Ocean.

• An increase in the number of tsunamis in the Pacific led to an increase in the number of earthquakes.

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The following table displays four objects' average distance from Earth.

Which object is closest to Earth?

• Barnard's Star

• Unknown Planet X

• Triangulum Galaxy

• Andromeda Galaxy

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