Unit 6 Notes Thinking and Language

What are concepts defined as in the context of thinking?

• Step-by-step procedures that guarantee a solution

• Mental shortcuts for quick judgments

• Mental groupings of similar objects, events, ideas, and people

• The tendency to be more confident than correct

What is a prototype?

• A final solution worked backwards

• A mental image or best example of a category

• An unreasoned feeling or thought

• A method to estimate the likelihood of events

What is an algorithm in the context of problem solving?

• A mental shortcut for quick judgments

• A burst of activity in the right temporal lobe

• A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution

• A method for breaking a problem into smaller steps

What is insight?

• A heuristic that estimates the likelihood of events

• A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution

• An abrupt, true-seeming, and often satisfying solution

• A tendency to be more confident than correct

What is confirmation bias?

• The tendency to be more confident than correct

• A mental shortcut for quick judgments

• The eagerness to seek out and favor evidence verifying our ideas

• A method for breaking a problem into smaller steps

What is the availability heuristic?

• A method for breaking a problem into smaller steps

• A mental shortcut that enables snap judgments

• A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution

• A heuristic that operates when we estimate the likelihood of events based on how mentally available they are

What does overconfidence refer to in the context of problem solving?

• A heuristic that estimates the likelihood of events

• The tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

• A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution

• A mental shortcut for quick judgments

What is belief perseverance?

• A heuristic that estimates the likelihood of events

• The tendency to be more confident than correct and to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments

• A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a solution

• A mental shortcut for quick judgments

What does framing refer to in the context of problem-solving and decision-making?

• The process of creating a list of alternatives

• The way an issue is presented, which influences decisions and judgments

• The evaluation of each option based on established criteria

• The tendency to fall into established thought patterns

Which decision-making technique involves evaluating each option based on a set of criteria and eliminating those that do not meet the criteria?

• Additive Strategies

• Elimination by Aspects

• Expected Utility

• Subjective Utility