Enlightenment & Revolutions

During the 18th century, what concept regarding birth and social status did some European thinkers begin to question?

• The idea that one's birth determined their wealth

• The idea that one's birth determined their class and fate

• The idea that one's birth determined their intelligence

• The idea that one's birth determined their rights as a citizen

Enlightenment philosopher who believed people had natural rights of life, liberty, and property.

• John Locke
• Montesquieu
• Rousseau
• Voltaire

What did thinkers increasingly apply to human institutions during the Enlightenment, as influenced by the Scientific Revolution?

• Tradition

• Religion

• Reason and rationality

• Divine Right

How did Montesquieu suggest the powers of the state should be divided?

• Into religious, military, and civilian branches

• Into legislative, executive, and judicial branches

• Into federal, state, and local governments

• Into monarchy, aristocracy, and democracy

What was Voltaire's stance on state religion?

• He believed it was essential for maintaining social order.

• He argued that religion should be a protected private practice.

• He thought state religion was necessary for economic prosperity.

• He supported state religion as a means to promote tolerance.

What concept did Rousseau advocate that was related to the authority of the state?

• The divine right of kings.

• The general will as the ultimate entity and authority.

• Individualism and personal freedom.

• The separation of church and state.

What was a common characteristic of the American, French, and Latin-American Revolutions as inspired by Enlightenment ideals?

• They were conflicts that maintained the existing monarchies.

• They were conflicts that resulted in the establishment of constitutional republics protecting individual rights.

• They were peaceful transitions without any conflict.

• They were movements that reinforced the power of the clergy and nobility.

What was the outcome of the French Revolution in terms of power distribution?

• It resulted in a stronger monarchy with increased powers.

• It led to the clergy gaining control over the government.

• It gave law-making power to the people by overthrowing the oppressive monarchy, nobility, and clergy.

• It established a new monarchy with shared power between the king and the nobility.

Which document was directly inspired by John Locke's essential rights to life, liberty, and property?

• Declaration of Independence

• Articles of Confederation

• The US Constitution

• The Truman Doctrine

Who led the Haitian Revolution

• George Washington

• Toussaint L'Ouverture

• Simon Bolivar

• Napoleon Bonaparte