Biological Resistance

A pesticide is...

• A chemical that kills a bug / insect

• A substance that kills bacteria

• A nutrient for certain crops

• A substance created by biotechnology to induce mutations in insects

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An antibiotic is...

• A chemical that kills a bug / insect

• A substance that kills bacteria

• A chemical that destroys any toxins in the stomach

• A substance created by biotechnology to induce mutations in bacteria

A  population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide.  Some cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray.  What can BEST be inferred from this example?

• species will adapt no matter what the environment
• environment has no effect on the survival of an organism
• Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce
• Insecticides cause mutations that are passed on to the next generation

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A change in DNA is a ...

• clone
• protein
• accident
• mutation

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A  population of cockroaches was sprayed with an insecticide.  Some cockroaches survived and produced a population of cockroaches that was resistant to this spray.  What can BEST be inferred from this example?

• species will adapt no matter what the environment
• environment has no effect on the survival of an organism
• Individuals with favorable variations survive and reproduce
• Insecticides cause mutations that are passed on to the next generation

Why is it important to finish ALL of an antibiotic, even if you feel better?

• If all of the infectious bacteria are not killed, the bacteria may continue to multiply. Some of these bacteria may have a mutation that makes them resistant to the antibiotic. This could cause resistant bacteria to spread.

• If all of the antibiotic is not used, the surviving bacteria may learn how to fight off the antibiotic, causing the sickness to get even worse.

• If all of the antibiotic is not used, the bacteria may begin ingesting your skin cells, causing a new sickness to arise.

• If all of the antibiotic is not used, the surviving bacteria may cooperate with other infectious bacteria, resulting in two separate infections at the same time.

The table below shows what happens to an insect population before and after a pesticide is added.

Which of the following best explains why more of the pesticide-resistant insects were present in the second generation?

• Because of the pesticides in plants, insects in the second generation developed a tolerance for pesticides

• Because of heredity, insects with genes for pesticide resistance passed it on to the following generation

• Because of the environment, parent insects taught their offspring to be pesticide resistant in order to survive

• Because of heredity, insects learned to avoid pesticides on plants

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The pesticide DDT was used extensively in the past to reduce the numbers of malaria-carrying mosquitoes. At first, application of DDT killed almost all the mosquitoes in treated populations. Over years, however, DDT-resistant populations (ones where most mosquitoes were not killed by normal doses of DDT) began to emerge. Which of the following best explains how DDT resistance emerged in the mosquitoes?

• The individual mosquitos in the starting populations sensed the environmental threat and mutated genes that made them insensitive to DDT
• Populations with DDT resistance are better-adapted for any environment than populations without DDT resistance, so they would have evolved sooner or later (regardless of whether DDT was applied)
• When DDT was applied, rare individuals with DDT resistance mutations were more likely to survive and leave offspring, eventually leading to populations composed largely of resistant mosquitoes
• The mosquitoes must all have been DDT-resistant to begin with, because there is no genetic variation in natural populations of mosquitoes

What is antibiotic resistance?

• The ability for humans to resist antibiotics.
• The ability for humans to repel bacteria. 
• The ability for bacteria to resist antibiotics.
• The ability for bacteria to become weak from antibiotics.

How many antibiotics does this bacteria seem to be resistant to?

• 2

• 3

• All of them

• None of them